Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production

Thiruvengadaravi, K.V.; Nandagopal, J.; Baskaralingam, P.; Bala, V. Sathya Selva; Sivanesan, S.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2012.02.047

Cited by 138 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Authors attempted to overview the morphology of the neem tree, various useful uses, physical and chemical characteristics of neem oil and optimized the biodiesel production process from neem oil. Thiruvengadaravi et al 66 reported the production of a biodiesel by acid-catalyzed esterification of Karanja oil (KO), which contains higher amounts of free fatty acid (FFA) (> 2 %). Pretreated KO was converted to biodiesel by a process of alkaline-catalyzed transesterification.…”

Section: F I G 1 -Transesterification Of Triglyceridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels and Their Production Through Different Catalytic Routes

Biswas¹

2017

Chem.Biochem.Eng.Q.

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This paper presents a review of the literature available on biofuels production through different chemical catalytic routes. Biofuels are promising alternative to the fast-depleting fossil fuel and oil reserves. In consideration of the existing environmental issues, such as greenhouse effect and global warming, researchers are now interested in biofuels production from biomass. Biofuels are produced from renewable and sustainable bioresources, which are available globally in the form of residual agricultural biomass and wastes. However, the biofuels production process through chemical transformation could be very expensive and uneconomical for large-scale commercial supply. Hence, there is a continuous need for improvisation on the research on this topic. This review broadly describes the different types of biofuels and the processes for their production through catalytic routes.

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Section: F I G 1 -Transesterification Of Triglyceridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels and Their Production Through Different Catalytic Routes

Biswas¹

2017

Chem.Biochem.Eng.Q.

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“…It was also reported that the alkali catalyzed transesterification process cannot be used effectively for biodiesel production for high free Faty acid (FFA) feedstock like karanja oil [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from a mixture of Karanja and Linseed oils: Optimization of process parameters

Mohite

Kumar

Maji

et al. 2016

IJEE

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A B S T R A C TKaranja and linseed are the potential non-edible oil crops which can be used for the biodiesel production. The main objective of this study is to find out the feasibility of using a mixture of karanja oil and linseed oil to produce biodiesel. Karanja oil has high amount of free fatty acid in it and linseed oil has low amount of free fatty acid content. Karanja biodiesel is produced by two step esterification/transesterification process which is costly, health hazardous & corrosive due to use of concentrated acids. Linseed biodiesel can be produced by alkali-base transesterfication which is much faster and gives higher yield than acid-base transesterification. A production method is developed to produce biodiesel from the mixture of karanja and linseed oil which is faster, safer and non-corrosive. The yields in the range of 68.2 to 78.9% have been achieved with varying different parameters like molar ratio, stirring time, mixture ratio and amount of catalyst. Optimum parameters are also established to achieve maximum biodiesel yield from the transesterification of a mixture of linseed and karanja oils.

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“…Since then, different types of catalysts have been developed and investigated in order to obtain higher biodiesel yield. Different type of heterogeneous catalyst has been investigated in the esterification reaction such as sulfated zirconia [9,10], heteropolyacids [11], and ion-exchange resins [12]. These catalysts successfully solved the problems of equipment corrosion and environmental pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Roslan

Hasnan

Abdullah

et al. 2016

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1 H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4.

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Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production

Cited by 138 publications

References 31 publications

Biofuels and Their Production Through Different Catalytic Routes

Biofuels and Their Production Through Different Catalytic Routes

Production of Biodiesel from a mixture of Karanja and Linseed oils: Optimization of process parameters

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

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