Acid activated montmorillonite and vermiculite clays as dehydration and cracking catalysts

Effect of HCl Loading and Ethanol Concentration over HCl-Activated Clay Catalysts for Ethanol Dehydration to Ethylene

“…It is also cheap, easy modification and availability and high surface area 17,18 . Based on previous works, MMT is used in many applications including isomerization α-pinene 19 , alkylation of toluene 20 , esterification of lauric acid 21 and dehydration n-butanol 22 . In addition, MMT was also activated with heteropolyacid which was investigated by Bokade and Yadav 23 .…”

Effect of Acid Activation on the De-Tert-Butylation Activity of Some Jordanian Clays

“…Natural clays are increasingly used in industry as catalysts or catalyst supports in many organic reactions (Auer and Hofmann, 1993;Li and Jin, 1996;Ravichandran et al, 1996, Upadhya et al, 1996Chitnis and Sharma, 1997;Clark et al, 1997). For example, montmorillonite and kaolinite are two clays commonly used in these reactions.…”

“…For example, montmorillonite and kaolinite are two clays commonly used in these reactions. The catalytic properties of clays are affected by chemical composition, structure, and pretreatment conditions (Auer and Hofmann, 1993;Ravichandran et at., 1996).…”

“…The catalytic properties can be improved by different acid treatment and/or pillaring methods (Auer and Hofmann, 1993;Ravichandran et al, 1996;Upadhya et al, 1996;Chitnis and Sharma, 1997;Clark et al, 1997). For example, the alkylation of many organic compounds, including phenols, aromatics, and other hydrocarbons, is catalyzed by acid-treated clays (Chitnis and Sharma, 1997).…”

Catalytic Ethanol Dehydration over Different Acid-activated Montmorillonite Clays

“…They are also employed as catalysts and catalyst supports in several reactions such as isomerization 16 , alkylation 17 , acrylation 18 and dehydration 19 . Treatment of clay with acid can exchange cations with hydrogen ions and leach aluminium from the central octahedral lattice layer of the clay 19 .…”