Achieving Zero-Impact Emissions with a Gasoline Passenger Car

Abstract

The Euro 7 legislation and the Zero-Impact Emissions concept aim at significantly improving air quality. Technologies that reduce pollutant emissions beyond current gasoline passenger cars have already been intensively investigated, but a holistic system layout considering extended boundary conditions is missing so far. This paper therefore develops technical solutions to achieve a Euro 7 scenario and Zero-Impact Emissions for a 2030+ vehicle. First, challenging test scenarios are identified to develop compliant vehicles. The scenarios cover extreme conditions in real-world driving, such as hot and cold ambient conditions, stop-and-go in rural areas or high speed and steep gradients on highways. Different technology options are discussed and selected for the investigations. An empirical–physical simulation model for the exhaust gas aftertreatment system is extended with new technologies, such as an electrical heater disc in front of the catalyst or a burner in the exhaust system. In addition to stoichiometric engine operation and increased catalyst volume, the results show that the expected Euro 7 regulations can be achieved in all extreme scenarios by combining additional exhaust gas heating with engine power limitation or pre-heating. Moreover, even Zero-Impact Emissions are achieved in most cases with the same technology options.

A New Vehicle-Specific Power Model for the Estimation of Hybrid Vehicle Emissions

“…W tr,j = w tr,j + w mwa,j − γ j w stored (9) where w tr,j represents the total traction energy of j class that the engine would generate without hybrid drivetrain components, and w mwa,j represents the additional mechanical energy due to the shift of the operating region of the engine to the more favorable class. Stored energy w stored (10) consists of the regenerative braking energy W br and the stored energy of the engine produced by moving operating region W s,mwa…”

“…The EU plans to reduce CO 2 emissions to 95 g/km for new passenger vehicles by 2025 [4], an additional reduction of 17% is planned between 2025 and 2030, and a reduction of 37.5% from 2030 onwards [5]. In the last 15 years, high-speed internal combustion engines have achieved very high efficiency, diesel engines achieve peak mechanical efficiency of over 40% [6], but it is still questionable whether they will be able to satisfy newly proposed Euro 7 standard [7,8] as stand-alone powertrains [9]. The main reason for this is the inefficient energy management that is due to the absence of regenerative braking and the large drop in efficiency at low loads for which the engine operates in a low efficiency region.…”

Vehicle Emission Models and Traffic Simulators: A Review

“…Models to estimate vehicle emissions are becoming increasingly sophisticated and extensive [24]. This is undoubtedly related to the increasing number of vehicles and the diversity of pollutants, modifications, and fuel types used [25].…”