Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport

Backhouse, Susan H.; Patterson, Laurie; McKenna, Jim

doi:10.1016/j.peh.2012.08.001

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Prevention programs are particularly encouraged in the early adolescent years when attitudes are forming [115] and when adolescents tend to be more vulnerable to normative influences. Thus, related interventions should be more intensive for this age group and greater attention should be afforded to peer influence and related socio-emotional processes that facilitate risky behavior under social pressure [116,117].…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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Key points-A meta-analysis including 63 independent datasets was conducted.-Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were strong positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors.-Morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping were negatively associated with doping intentions and behaviors. AbstractBackground: There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Objectives:Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g., attitudes), social-contextual factors (e.g., social norms), and demographic (e.g., sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use, (ii) examine variables which moderate such effect sizes, and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior.Data sources: Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website.Study eligibility criteria and participants: Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study appraisal and synthesis method: Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and Running head: PERSONAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DOPING 2 identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a sub-set of studies that utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior.Results: Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope, and indirectly, doping behaviors. Limitations:Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. Conclusions:This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended theory of planned behavior framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.

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Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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“…This approach has characterised the anti-doping movement for decades and has negated the fact that the individual decision making situation about doping is constantly influenced by both internal and external factors, including beliefs about the reasons for doping. [80] noted that the necessary ingredients of an effective preventive anti-doping education are yet to be "(i) discovered, (ii) applied and (iii) evaluated" (p85). Historically, anti-doping education has been characterised by didactic information transfer linked to the Anti-Doping Code compliance and health consequences.…”

Section: Preventing Doping Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

Petróczi¹,

Norman²,

Brueckner³

2017

Acute Topics in Anti-Doping

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In sport, a wide array of substances with established or putative performance-enhancing properties is used. Most substances are fully acceptable, whilst a defined set, revised annually, is prohibited; thus, using any of these prohibited substances is declared as cheating. In the increasingly tolerant culture of pharmacological and technical human enhancements, the traditional normative approach to anti-doping, which involves telling athletes what they cannot do to improve their athletic ability and performance, diverges from the otherwise positive values attached to human improvement and enhancement in society. Today, doping is the epitome of conflicting normative expectations about the goal (performance enhancement) and the means by which the goal is achieved (use of drugs). Owing to this moral-functional duality, addressing motivations for doping avoidance at the community level is necessary, but not sufficient, for effective doping prevention. Relevant and meaningful anti-doping must also recognise and respect the values of those affected, and consolidate them with the values underpinning structural, community level anti-doping. Effective anti-doping efforts are pragmatic, positive, preventive, and proactive. They acknowledge the progressive nature of how a "performance mindset" forms in parallel with the career transition to elite level, encompasses all levels and abilities, and directly addresses the reasons behind doping use with tangible solutions. For genuine integration into sport and society, anti-doping should consistently engage athletes and other stakeholders in developing positive preventive strategies to ensure that anti-doping education not only focuses on the intrinsic values associated with the spirit of sport but also recognises the values attached to performance enhancement, addresses the pressures athletes are under, and meets their needs for practical solutions to avoid doping. Organisations involved in anti- doping should avoid the image of "controlling" but, instead, work in partnerships with all stakeholders to involve and ensure integration of the targeted individuals in global community-based preventive interventions.

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“…Although authoritative voices, such as WADA"s former Chairman John Fahey advocates education -and thus social science approaches -over increased analytical testing effectiveness and capacity (Lane, 2014), financial investment has not followed such advocacy. The funding balance is still heavily weighted towards supporting the development of more sophisticated analytical techniques, rather than evidence-based prevention programmes (Backhouse, Patterson & McKenna, 2012). Despite this imbalance, recent years witnessed the emergence of new researchers and teams in the landscape of social science doping research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A call for policy guidance on psychometric testing in doping control in sport

Petróczi¹,

Backhouse²,

Barkoukis³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Drug Policy

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One of the fundamental challenges in anti-doping is identifying athletes who use, or are at risk of using, prohibited performance enhancing substances. The growing trend to employ a forensic approach to doping control aims to integrate information from social sciences (e.g., psychology of doping) into organised intelligence to protect clean sport. Beyond the foreseeable consequences of a positive identification as a doping user, this task is further complicated by the discrepancy between what constitutes a doping offence in the World Anti-Doping Code and operationalized in doping research. Whilst psychology plays an important role in developing our understanding of doping behaviour in order to inform intervention and prevention, its contribution to the array of doping diagnostic tools is still in its infancy. In both research and forensic settings, we must acknowledge that (1) socially desirable responding confounds self-reported psychometric test results and (2) that the cognitive complexity surrounding test performance means that the response–time based measures and the lie detector tests for revealing concealed life-events (e.g., doping use) are prone to produce false or non-interpretable outcomes in field settings. Differences in social-cognitive characteristics of doping behaviour that are tested at group level (doping users vs. non-users) cannot be extrapolated to individuals; nor these psychometric measures used for individual diagnostics. In this paper, we present a position statement calling for policy guidance on appropriate use of psychometric assessments in the pursuit of clean sport. We argue that, to date, both self-reported and response-time based psychometric tests for doping have been designed,tested and validated to explore how athletes feel and think about doping in order to develop a better understanding of doping behaviour, not to establish evidence for doping. A false ‘positive’ psychological profile for doping affects not only the individual ‘clean’ athlete but also their entourage, their organisation and sport itself. The proposed policy guidance aims to protect the global athletic community against social, ethical and legal consequences from potential misuse of psychological tests, including erroneous or incompetent applications as forensic diagnostic tools in both practice and research

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Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

A call for policy guidance on psychometric testing in doping control in sport

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