Achieving Highly Efficient Atmospheric CO2 Uptake by Artificial Upwelling

Pan, Yiwen; You, Long; Li, Yifan; Fan, Wei; Chen, Chen‐Tung Arthur; Wang, Bing-Jye; Chen, Ying

doi:10.3390/su10030664

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The present situation all over the world shows that the development of a wide variety of artificial downwelling applications, from concept to full-scale sea trial stage, is a difficult, slow, and expensive process. They are possessed with some advantages and limitations and applied in different situations, and their feasibility, survivability, and reliability should be demonstrated [85]. Furthermore, the newness of the concept and the lack of prototype operating experience on which to base designs are a barrier to the implementation of artificial downwelling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters

Liu

Zhao

Xiao

et al. 2020

Water

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Hypoxia is becoming a serious problem in coastal waters in many parts of the world. Artificial downwelling, which is one of the geoengineering-based adaptation options, was suggested as an effective means of mitigating hypoxia in coastal waters. Artificial downwelling powered by green energy, such as solar, wind, wave, or tidal energy, can develop a compensatory downward flow on a kilometer scale, which favors below-pycnocline ventilation and thus mitigates hypoxia in bottom water. In this paper, we review and assess the technical, numerical, and experimental aspects of artificial downwelling all over the world, as well as its potential environmental effects. Some basic principles are presented, and assessment and advice are provided for each category. Some suggestions for further field-based research on artificial downwelling, especially for long-term field research, are also given.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters

Liu

Zhao

Xiao

et al. 2020

Water

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“…For the artificial upwelling, a control strategy to achieve energy management is also necessary. A carbon sequestration efficiency index is proposed by Pan et al, which is to indicate the effect of artificial upwelling with the power consumption [30]. However, few energy management strategies of artificial upwelling in engineering were found in literatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China

et al. 2019

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China is now accelerating the development of an ecological engineering for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments to cope with climate change. Artificial upwelling as the ecological engineering can mix surface water with bottom water and bring rich nutrients to the euphotic zone, enhance seaweed growth in the oligotrophic sea area, and then increase coastal carbon sequestration. However, one of the major obstacles of the artificial upwelling is the high energy consumption. This study focused on the development of energy management technology for air-lift artificial upwelling by optimizing air injection rate. The fundamental principle underlying this technology is that the mode and intensity of air injection are adjusted from the feedback of information on velocity variation in tidal currents, illumination, and temperature of the surface layer. A series of equations to control air injection was derived based on seaweed growth and solar power generation. Although this finding was originally developed for the air-lift artificial upwelling, it also can be used in other areas of engineering, such as water delivery, aeration, and oxygenation. The simulations show that using a variable air injection rate can lift more nitrogen nutrients of 28.2 mol than using a fixed air injection rate of 26.6 mol, mostly with the same energy cost. Using this control algorithm, the changed temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles prove the effective upwelling in the experiments and the average weights of kelp are 33.1 g in the experimental group and 10.1 g in the control group. The ecological engineering was successfully increasing crop yield for carbon sequestration in coastal mariculture environments.

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“…AU is considered as one of the geoengineering techniques that could potentially increase the marine fish productivity and probably accelerate the transfer of CO 2 to the ocean by enhancing the export of organic carbon to the deep ocean by stimulating the rate of photosynthesis of phytoplankton (Ye et al 2013;Hung and Gong 2011;Tsuchiya et al 2017). Simulation models have shown that the highest concentration in the DOW-formed plume could be achieved when optical technical settings of the AU was set according to the regional surface current speed and the vertical density distribution (Fan et al 2015;Pan et al 2015Pan et al , 2018. The enhancement of primary production could be possibly up to 3 times by use of AU (Mizumukai et al 2008;Handå et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current knowledge on the development of AU systems and their potential environmental effects was reviewed in Pan et al (2016). Briefly, the research on AU over the past few decades has generated a range of devices of different types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sea Trial of Air-Lift Concept Artificial Upwelling in the East China Sea

Pan

Fan

et al. 2019

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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Artificial upwelling (AU), as one of the geoengineering tools, has received worldwide attention because of its potential ability to actualize ocean fertilization in a sustainable way. The severe challenges of AU are the design and fabrication of a technologically robust device with structural longevity that can maintain the function in the variable and complex hydrodynamics of the upper ocean. In this work, a sea trial of an air-lift concept AU system driven by self-powered energy was carried out in the East China Sea (ECS; 30°8′14″N, 122°44′59″E) to assess the logistics of at-sea deployment and the durability of the equipment under extremely complex hydrodynamic conditions from 3 to 7 September 2014. Seawater below the thermocline layer was measured to be uplifted from approximately 30 m to the euphotic layer with a volumetric upwelling rate of 155.43 m3 h−1 and total inputs of 2.8 mol h−1 NO3−, 0.15 mol h−1 PO43−, and 4.41 mol h−1 SiO43−. A plume formed by cold, saline deep ocean water (DOW) was tracked by a drifting buoy system with a mixing ratio of 37%–51% DOW at the depth of 18–22 m, which conforms to the simulation results. During the AU’s application, disturbance in the vertical hydrological structure could be observed. However, diatom (Skeletonema costatum) blooming from somewhere in the outer ECS floated to the sea trial region on the second day after the AU’s application, which makes it hard to strip off the biochemical effects of AU from the effects of S. costatum bloom.

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Achieving Highly Efficient Atmospheric CO2 Uptake by Artificial Upwelling

Cited by 11 publications

References 51 publications

Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters

Review of Artificial Downwelling for Mitigating Hypoxia in Coastal Waters

Energy Management and Operational Planning of an Ecological Engineering for Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Mariculture Environments in China

A Sea Trial of Air-Lift Concept Artificial Upwelling in the East China Sea

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