Achieving a highly safe supercapacitor via the combination of a temperature-responsive hydrogel-electrolyte and electrochromic electrodes

Abstract

Supercapacitors are promising electrochemical energy storage devices for their high power density and long-life performance. However, thermal runaway is a critical obstacle to their safety and stable operation. Herein, an...

Flexible Polymer Hydrogels for Wearable Energy Storage Applications

“…Moreover, the selfprotection mechanism in such a hydrogel occurs as a result of the thermally induced gating behavior of the thermoresponsive gel electrolyte. [292] Optical modulation of the smart supercapacitor after and before thermal runaway is shown in Figure 19b, which demonstrates that charge, discharge, and thermal runaway states can be monitored visually with an increase in the optical modulation to 65.2% at 100% with a change in the capacitance in different charge, discharge, and thermal runaway states. Additionally, this thermally responsive hydrogel electrolyte has a smart porous structure that can reversibly switch from a porous network to a dense structure by an increase in temperature (Figure 19c).…”

“…[291] Self-protective smart supercapacitors with in situ visual monitoring of charging and temperature change states can be fabricated by using thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-acrylamide-co-methylene-bisacrylamide/LiCl hydrogel electrolytes. [292] In such a supercapacitor, charging and discharging processes can be monitored with a color change in the electrochromic electrolyte hydrogel as a result of its electrochromic characteristics (Figure 19a). Moreover, the selfprotection mechanism in such a hydrogel occurs as a result of the thermally induced gating behavior of the thermoresponsive gel electrolyte.…”

“…This behavior is related to the volume phase transition temperature of copolymer chains in the backbone of the hydrogel, which strongly affects ion transfer. [292]…”

Photochromic/electrochromic strain sensor with a fast and reversible light-printing ability

“…The rewritable board could be used to rewrite various patterns by means of sunlight irradiation and electroerasing (+2 V, 40 s), demonstrating that the fast and reversible light-printing ability of PESS makes it applicable for outdoor rewritable devices. Compared with the other electrochromic devices (Table S4, ESI †), 32,59,60 the PESS featured the performance of the fast and reversible photochromism and electrochromism, therefore expended the functionality of flexible sensors.…”

Swelling-resistant microgel-reinforced hydrogel polymer electrolytes for flexible all-in-one supercapacitors with high performances

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Although batteries are widely used as power sources for electronic devices due to their excellent energy density, supercapacitors are emerging as promising energy storage devices for portable function-integrated electronics due to their advantages of high-power density, long cycle life, fast charge/discharge, good safety and miniaturization. [6][7][8][9] Especially, all-in-one supercapacitors, a class of integrated supercapacitors with low interfacial resistance and mechanical stability under complex deformation, have received extensive attention. [10][11][12] Currently, in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) or polypyrrole (PPy) on a hydrogel polymer electrolyte (HPE) is performed to fabricate flexible all-in-one supercapacitors.…”