Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure.

“…However, he is still faced with conflict between his wish to avoid failure, which tempts him away from the situation, and his desire for success, which pushes him into the situation. The problem, as constructed by the defensive pessimist, is to overcome the immobilization that results from conflicting goals (Atkinson & Litwin, 1960). His solution is to prepare himself for failure by defensively setting low expectations in advance.…”

Section: Anticipatory Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in ?risky? situations

1986

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“…Task choice, for instance, is a well-established behavioral indicator of motivation. More precisely, the selection of an easy rather than a difficult task indicates that the individual is avoiding failure and hence experiences avoidance motivation (Atkinson & Litwin, 1960;Ceranski, Teevan, & Kalle, 1979). In Elliot et al (2007), the authors examined the influence of the color red on such a task choice assessment, by instructing participants to choose between easy and difficult analogy tests.…”

Section: Red and Avoidance Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color in achievement contexts in humans

Meier¹,

Hill²,

Elliot³

et al. 2015

Handbook of Color Psychology

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Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. lightness, chroma, and hue. In this chapter we focus on the hue dimension, primarily on red, blue, and green, since experimental work has focused on these colors. Whilst the other two attributes are also crucial in color research, we do not highlight their significance in this chapter since lightness and chroma were (mostly) held constant across hue conditions in the research Research on nonhuman primates in competitive encounters indicates that red displays and other threat-relevant cues prompt avoidance by conspecifics, as indicated by submission and appeasement gestures and actions (Gerald, Waitt, & Little, 2008;Setchell & Wickings, 2005). In humans, encountering a negative object, event, or possibility, including the possibility of failure, is known to automatically evoke a motivational tendency to avoid that object, event, or possibility (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999). In addition, research has demonstrated that avoidance motivation in achievement settings evokes anxiety, task distraction, and a number of self-protective processes (e.g., disidentification, selfhandicapping; Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969;Elliot & Church, 2003;Elliot & McGregor, 1999;Hembree, 1988;Osborne, 1995;Zuckerman, Kieffer, & Knee, 1998) that negatively influence performance on tasks requiring flexible mental manipulation (i.e., tasks commonly encountered at school and work). Accordingly, viewing red in an achievement context is posited to impair performance attainment because it evokes avoidance, which in turn, is inimical to performance. The activation, operation, and influence of avoidance motivation in this hypothesized red effect is thought to take place outside of conscious awareness; that is, it acts in an implicit rather than explicit fashion (see Friedman & Förster, 2010).Researchers have begun to explore such red associations in different variants of achievement situations, such as sporting contests, exam-like situations, and competence evaluations within impression formation scenarios. In the remainder of the chapter we provide an overview of empirical work on the effects of red on sport performance, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral processes, and psychophysiological activity in evaluative contexts. Red in evaluative contexts Red in sporting contextsExploring premise 2 and 4 of the CIC theory, several studies have investigated whether color has a psychological impact that influences performance and outcomes in sports. This work was ...

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Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure.

Abstract: INCE 1950 there have been an increasing number of studies using thematic apperceptive (or equivalent) measures of n Achievement

Cited by 433 publications

References 22 publications

A Conceptual and Measurement Model for Norms and Roles

A Conceptual and Measurement Model for Norms and Roles

Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in ?risky? situations

Color in achievement contexts in humans

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