Acetyleugenol from Acacia nilotica (L.) Exhibits a Strong Antibacterial Activity and Its Phenyl and Indole Analogues Show a Promising Anti-TB Potential Targeting PknE/B Protein Kinases

Abstract

Acetyleugenol is a phytochemical compound with broad effects against infectious diseases and tumors. Here, we extracted, characterized, and elucidated the structure of acetyeugenol, for the first time, from the leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.)—a well-known medicinal plant. The broad antibacterial potential of acetyleugenol was first confirmed against seven bacterial clinical isolates, which reveal a strong activity against Proteus sp., Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia with similar or better zone of inhibition comparing to that of the control amoxicillin. To further investigate its effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acetyleugenol and its indole and phenyl analogues were subjected to molecular docking experiments against two potential tuberculosis drug targets—MtPknE and MtPknB Ser/Thr protein kinases. The results reveal that all of the analogs have improved docking scores compared to the acetyleugenol. The indole analogues EUG-1 and EUG-3 were more effective with better docking scores for MtPknE with −11.08 and −10.05 kcal/mol, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the MtPknB. In contrast, only the EUG-2 phenyl analogue has given rise to similar docking scores for both targets. This opens the door for further comprehensive studies on these acetyleugenol analogues with in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate and get more insights into their mechanisms of action.

Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Mulberry Lattices

“…aureus and S. typhi . In a like manner, Cryptomeridiol, a sesquiterpenoid, and Lanosterol along with its derivatives, , have previously been reported to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against S.…”

“…Further, the authors reported that acetyl eugenol demonstrated to have significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and S. typhi . 76 In a like manner, Cryptomeridiol, 77 a sesquiterpenoid, and Lanosterol along with its derivatives, 78 , 79 have previously been reported to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus . In addition to the aforementioned secondary metabolites, there exists a reservoir of antimicrobial secondary metabolites present in the latex, including but not restricted to 1,6-anhydro-β- d -glucopyranose, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, lupeol, lupeol acetate, and glutinol, which have also been documented to exhibit antimicrobial properties, as outlined in Table 3 .…”

Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications

“…Specifically, acetyl eugenol has been studied for its biological properties, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities [35]. In a study by Abdulhamid et al [36], different fractions were isolated from the leaves of Acacia nilotica L. and tested for antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial clinical isolates: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus pneumonia. The results showed that fraction I, whose main component was acetyl eugenol, was effective against all the species tested, especially highlighting its antimicrobial potential against Proteus sp., S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and S. pneumonia.…”

A new versatile crystalline sponge for organic structural analysis without the need for activation

“…40 In contrast, though a wide variety of bioactivities of G14 were reported, no side effect has been discovered yet. 41 Therefore, it is necessary to make G14. Treatment of G13 with acetic chloride afforded G14.…”