Acetylation of Wood Flour from Four Wood Species Grown in Nigeria Using Vinegar and Acetic Anhydride

Abstract

Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia digitata), Mahoganny (Daniella oliveri), African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Beech wood (Gmelina arborea), had been investigated. The first batch of wood species were acetylated using acetic anhydride while the second batch were acetylated with commercial vinegar. Both experiments were conducted in the presence of varying amount of CaCl2 as catalyst and at temperature of 120°C for 3 h. The success of acetylation was determined based on Weight Percent Gain for each sample treated with either chemicals used. FT-IR, a veritable tool was used for the analysis of both treated and untreated samples to further investigate the success of acetylation. The results showed the presence of important band such as carbonyl absorptions at 1743, 1744, 1746, 1731, 1718 and 1696 cm−1 as appeared separately in the spectra of acetylated samples, confirming esterification occurred. The purpose of this work was to investigate the applicability of vinegar for acetylation of lignocellulosic fibers. Blends/composites were prepared by solution casting and their kinetics investigated in distilled water. The results indicated they could be used in outdoor applications such as, decking and packaging.

GRAPHENE OXIDE AND A GO/ZnO NANOCOMPOSITE AS CATALYSTS FOR EPOXY RING-OPENING OF EPOXIDIZED SOYBEAN FATTY ACIDS METHYL ESTERS

“…823 and 842 cm -1 in the FTIR spectrum (Figure 7) evidences the oxirane ring-opening, as well as the absorption band at ca. 1234 cm -1 related to the acetyl groups present in the structure (Azeh et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2016). Another important indication of the addition of acetic anhydride in the modified FAME is the presence of the vibrational mode at ca.…”

Treatment of crude oil-contaminated water with chemically modified natural fiber

“…FTIR spectra of the unmodified and modified sorbents showed evidence of acetylation with intense ester bands appearing and/or enhanced at 2931.90 cm −1 (C-H stretch in methyl and methylene groups), 1739.85-1753.35 cm −1 (carbonyl C=O stretching of ester), 1375.29-1464.02 cm −1 (C-H in -O(C=O)-CH 3 ), 1246.06-1255.70 cm −1 (C=O stretching of acetyl group) and 1020.38-1028.09 cm −1 (C-O stretching vibrations in cellulose) (Adebajo and Frost 2004;Azeh et al 2013;Onwuka et al 2016). The intense or enhanced hydrophobic bands in the modified spectra are as Enhanced bands/peaks were clearly observed from the spectra of crude oil-treated sorbents, at about 2860.24-2931.90 cm −1 (C-H stretch in methyl and methylene groups), 2278.01-2384.10 cm −1 (CH 3 group, stretching vibrations of aliphatic CH 3 group) and 1375.29-1464.02 cm −1 (C-H in -O(C=O)-CH 3 ).…”

Composites Based on Poly(vinyl chloride) and Organically Modified Clay

“…Acetylation: Each of H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 and HCl activated clay (3 g) was acetylated (modification) using commercial vinegar (Heinz) by refluxing at 80 ºC for 3 h. After acetylation, the residues were thoroughly washed with distilled water until the washed water was clear and neutral, and dried for 3 h at 105 ºC (Scheme-I). The dried sample was weighed and used for further analysis [16][17][18]. Dissolution of PVC and incorporation of acetylated clay: PVC (1 g) was dissolved in 15 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 90 ºC by gradual heating until a clear solution was obtained, then 1 mL of ethylene glycol (plasticizer) was added, followed by the addition of H2SO4 activated acetylated clay (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g) into the polymer solution.…”