Acetylation of Sesquiterpenyl Epoxy-Cyclohexenoids Regulates Fungal Growth, Stress Resistance, Endocytosis, and Pathogenicity of Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora via Metabolism and Transcription

Abstract

Sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoids (SECs) that depend on a polyketide synthase−terpenoid synthase (PKS−TPS) pathway are widely distributed in plant pathogenic fungi. However, the biosynthesis and function of the acetylated SECs still remained cryptic. Here, we identified that AOL_s00215g 273 (273) was responsible for the acetylation of SECs in Arthrobotrys oligospora via the construction of Δ273, in which the acetylated SECs were absent and major antibacterial nonacetylated SECs accumulated. Mutant Δ273 displayed increased trap formation, and nematicidal and antibacterial activities but decreased fungal growth and soil colonization. Glutamine, a key precursor for NH 3 as a trap inducer, was highly accumulated, and biologically active phenylpropanoids and antibiotics were highly enriched in Δ273. The decreased endocytosis and increased autophagosomes, with the most upregulated genes involved in maintaining DNA and transcriptional stability and pathways related to coronavirus disease and exosome, suggested that lack of 273 might result in increased virus infection and the acetylation of SECs played a key role in fungal diverse antagonistic ability.

Comparative transcriptomic insights into the domestication of Pleurotus abieticola for coniferous cultivation

“…Fungal endocytosis is critical in facilitating nutrient uptake, establishing symbiotic relationships with host plants, and detecting and responding to environmental signals ( Rollenhagen et al, 2021 ; Zheng et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022a ). In addition, it provides an alternative way for the mushroom to acquire nutrients from conifer substrates without damaging the mycelia due to the presence of tannins, resins, and other bioactive compounds found in conifers ( Wu et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022b ). Therefore, endocytosis is an essential process for the successful colonization of conifers by P .…”

Thermophilic Fungus Uses Anthraquinones to Modulate Ferrous Excretion, Sterol-Mediated Endocytosis and Iron Storage in Response to Cold Stress

“…To further evaluate the effect of anthraquinones on endocytosis, we stained both the ΔAn mutant and WT with lipophilic styryl dye FM4−64, an endocytic tracer. 23 In WT, FM4-64 gradually internalized and stained endosomes after 3−4 minutes of incubation at 37 °C and 45 °C, respectively (Fig. 5A).…”

“…Sterilized cover-slips were half inserted into the PDA medium at a 45° angle slant and the 9 mm fungal colonies were inoculated onto PDA medium and cultivated at 45℃ for 3 days and at 37 ℃ for 5 days until the aerial hyphae grew onto and covered the cover-slips.To evaluate endocytosis, the cover-slips with aerial mycelia was incubated with FM4-64 staining solution (SynaptoRed C2, Biotium, Fremont, CA, USA; 10 μL of FM4-64 was diluted to a final concentration of 4 μM in 50 mM Tyrode solution) and immediately placed under a fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) for observation. 23 To evaluate Fe 2+ in live cells, the aerial hyphae with cover-slips were incubated in 1 µM SiRhoNox-1(HY-D1533, MCE) for 1 h in the dark at room temperature prior to observations under fluorescence microscope. 24…”

Peroxin Pex14/17 Is Required for Trap Formation, and Plays Pleiotropic Roles in Mycelial Development, Stress Response, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora

“…Analysis was performed using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system and a Thermo Fisher high-resolution Q precision focusing mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) ( 30 , 65 , 66 ). Subsequently, the Compound Discoverer 3.3 software package was used to perform metabolite deconvolutions and identifications ( 66 , 67 ).…”