ACE2, a new regulator of the renin–angiotensin system

Burrell, Louise M.; Johnston, Colin I.; Tikellis, Chris; Cooper, Mark E.

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.03.001

Cited by 305 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, mice deficient in both ACE and ACE2 show completely normal heart function [25]. Thus ACE and ACE2 are thought to negatively regulate each other [26][27][28][29]. However, at this point, the full role of ACE2 in vivo and its impact on differences in response to ACE inhibitors and ARBs in women compared to men with CHF remain unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure — A population study

Hudson

Rahme

Behlouli

et al. 2007

European J of Heart Fail

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Background: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to improve survival in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We wish to determine whether there are sex-related differences in the optimal treatment of congestive heart failure. Methods: Using administrative databases, all patients N >= 65 years of age discharged with a diagnosis of CHF between January 1998 and March 2003 and who filled a prescription for an ARB or an ACE inhibitor within 90 days of discharge were identified. Time to all-cause death in women and men on ACE inhibitors or ARBs was compared. Results: There were 10,223 women (8627 ACE inhibitors and 1596 ARBs) and 9475 men (8484 ACE inhibitors and 991 ARBs). Hypertension was more common in women (50.1%) than men (33.1%). Women on ARBs had better survival than those on ACE inhibitors (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59, 0.80). There was no difference in survival in men prescribed ARBs compared to ACE inhibitors (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95, 1.30). Conclusion: These sex differences in treatment-related outcome are important but should be confirmed in a randomized trial before ARBs are preferentially prescribed to women with CHF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure — A population study

Hudson

Rahme

Behlouli

et al. 2007

European J of Heart Fail

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“…Specifically, it seems to act as a negative regulator of the RAAS, counterbalancing the function of ACE. 128 The main product of ACE2 is Ang 1-7, which is now recognized as a vasodilatory peptide. 128 ACE2 converts Ang I to Ang 1-9 and subsequently forms Ang 1-7 from Ang 1-9.…”

Section: Role Of Renin-ang Aldosterone System With Emphasis On Aldostmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of hypertension to diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: the role of inflammation and oxidative stress

2011

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Diabetes and hypertension frequently coexist and constitute the most notorious combination for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Large clinical trials have clearly demonstrated that tight control of glycemia and/or blood pressure significantly reduces the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and nephropathy. However, the mechanism by which hypertension interacts with diabetes to induce and/or exacerbate nephropathy and retinopathy is very unclear. Substantial evidence implicates the involvement of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DR and nephropathy. In addition, hypertension causes oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney and retina. In the present review, we summarized data obtained from our research along with those from other groups to better understand the role of hypertension in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. It is suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation may be common denominators of kidney and retinal damage in the concomitant presence of diabetes and hypertension.

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“…ACE2 is similar to ACE in that it is a membrane-associated and secreted enzyme that is predominantly expressed in the endotheli-um. At least 12 peptides that are significantly hydrolysed by ACE2 have been identified, including angiotensin I and II [3]. ACE2 is located on chromosome Xp22.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It consists of 18 exons, which encode an 805-amino acid protein that shares 42% homology with ACE in the catalytic domain. ACE2 is highly expressed in kidney, testis and heart and has been implicated in hypertension and cardiovascular disease [3]. Interestingly, ACE2 production is decreased in rat diabetic kidney [4] and is altered in human kidney disease such that neo-expression of ACE2 occurs in glomerular and peritubular capillary endothelium [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphisms in the gene encoding angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 and diabetic nephropathy

et al. 2005

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Aims/hypothesis: Substantial evidence exists for the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in diabetic nephropathy. Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a new component of the RAS, has been implicated in kidney disease, hypertension and cardiac function. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether variations in ACE2 are associated with diabetic nephropathy. Materials and methods: We used a cross-sectional, case-control study design to investigate 823 Finnish type 1 diabetic patients (365 with and 458 without nephropathy). Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using TaqMan technology. Haplotypes were estimated using PHASE software, and haplotype frequency differences were analysed using a χ 2 -test-based tool. Results: None of the ACE2 polymorphisms was associated with diabetic nephropathy, and this finding was supported by the haplotype analysis. The ACE2 polymorphisms were not associated with blood pressure, BMI or HbA 1 c. Conclusions/ interpretation: In Finnish type 1 diabetic patients, ACE2 polymorphisms are not associated with diabetic nephropathy or any studied risk factor for this complication. Further studies are necessary to assess a minor effect of ACE2.

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ACE2, a new regulator of the renin–angiotensin system

Cited by 305 publications

References 30 publications

Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure — A population study

Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure — A population study

The contribution of hypertension to diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: the role of inflammation and oxidative stress

Polymorphisms in the gene encoding angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 and diabetic nephropathy

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