ACE-II genotype and I allele predicts ischemic stroke among males in south India

Abstract

Two hundred ischemic stroke patients and 193 age and sex matched healthy controls were studied for the presence of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphism. The PCR studies revealed that ACE ‘II’ (OR = 2.055; p = 0.004) genotype and ‘I’ (OR = 1.411; p = 0.018) alleles were significantly associated with IS patients. Gender specific analysis revealed a strong association of ‘II’ (OR = 2.044; p = 0.014) genotype and ‘I’ (OR = 1.531; p = 0.011) allele with male sex. Classification of patients based on TOAST criteria, revealed a significant association for ‘II’ genotype (OR = 1.713; p = 0.043) and ‘I’ (OR = 1.382; p = 0.039) allele in LVD patients only. When the data was stratified based on age and sex, a statistically significant association was observed for ACE ‘II’ genotype (OR = 2.288; p = 0.006) and ‘I’ allele (OR = 1.395; p = 0.054) in IS male patients of > 50 years of age. The ACE ‘D’ allele was found to be increased in controls (OR = 0.709; p = 0.018) than IS patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking and diabetes were the most powerful independent risk factor in LVD type of stroke. Thus, we presented here an evidence for a strong association of ACE ‘II’ genotype and ‘I’ allele compounded by factors such as smoking and diabetes among south Indian IS patients.

Association of the insertion allele of the common ACE gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti cardiovascular disease patients

“…23 Inconsistency can be attributed to the heterogeneity among these studies, and therefore differences in ethnicity and study design are the most likely explanation according to various authors. 12,13 In the current study all samples were of Kuwaiti nationality, suggesting homogeneity. However, three genetic subgroups have been previously defined in the Kuwaiti population, and therefore future studies may need to be stratified accordingly.…”

“…13 Another study, by Vijayan et al, demonstrated an association of the ACE I allele with an increased risk of ischemic stroke among males in south India. 12 However, a meta-analysis on Arab populations demonstrated the D allele to be associated with T2DM. 23 Inconsistency can be attributed to the heterogeneity among these studies, and therefore differences in ethnicity and study design are the most likely explanation according to various authors.…”

“…7,8 The I/D polymorphism has been found to be associated with increased risk of CVD 9 and T2DM; 10 however, results are still inconsistent, with studies finding no association 11 or an inverse association. 12,13 This observed inconsistency seems to be attributed to gene-environment interactions and population differences. Therefore we aimed to investigate the association between the ACE I/D (rs4646994) gene polymorphism and the risk of both CVD and T2DM in patients from Kuwait.…”

The ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Uzbek Patients with Arterial Hypertension

“…[11][12][13][14] Siera et al [15] investigated a possible association between 3 different genetic polymorphisms of RAS and the presence of cerebral white matter lesions (WML) in 60 never-treated essential hypertensive patients (36 men, 24 women), aged 50 to 60 years, without clinical evidence of target organ damage. All patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to establish the presence or absence of WML.…”

Peripheral biomarkers of stroke: Focus on circulatory microRNAs

“…In the recent years, hundreds of genes were examined and it may have an impact on stroke pathogenesis or genes that are associated with clinical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and vascular disease [14-16]. But only a few were fully proven to influence the susceptibility to the disease and have generated negative or conflicting results.…”