ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms as potential factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women in response to a muscle power training stimuli

Abstract

Genetic variation of the human ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms subsequent to 12 weeks of high-speed power training on maximal strength (1RM) of the arm and leg muscles, muscle power performance (counter-movement jump), and functional capacity (sit-to-stand test) was examined in older Caucasian women [n0139; mean age 65.5 (8.2) years; 67.0 (10.0) kg and 1.57 (0.06) m]. Chelex 100 was used for DNA extraction, and genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP methods. Muscular strength, power, and functional testing were conducted at baseline (T1) and after 12 weeks (T2) of high-speed power training. At baseline, the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms were not associated with muscle function or muscularity phenotypes in older Caucasian women. After the 12-week high-speed training program, subjects significantly increased their muscular and functional capacity performance (p<0.05). For both polymorphisms, significant genotype-training interaction (p<0.05) was found in all muscular performance indices, except for 1RM leg extension in the ACE I/D (p00.187). Analyses of the combined effects between genotypes showed significant differences in all parameters (p<0.05) in response to high-speed power training between the power (ACTN3 RR+RX & ACE DD) versus "non-power" muscularity-oriented genotypes (ACTN3 XX & ACE II+ID)]. Our data suggest that the ACE and ACTN3 genotypes (single or combined) exert a significant influence in the muscle phenotypes of older Caucasian women in response to high-speed power training. Thus, the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms are likely factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women, particularly in response to a resistance training stimuli.

Efeito de polimorfismos genéticos da ECA e da ACTN3 na capacidade e na incidência de quedas em idosas

“…Outro estudo de Pereira et al 39 , com dados extraídos do mesmo protocolo experimental do estudo anterior, mostrou não haver diferença estatística entre os grupos na avaliação inicial tanto em relação ao genótipo da ECA como da ACTN3 nos testes de salto vertical com contramovimento, sentar e levantar por 30 segundos e uma repetição máxima no supino e no legpress. Por fim, o estudo longitudinal de Delmonico et al 40 , que acompanhou idosos com idades entre 70 e 79 anos por cinco anos, mostrou não haver nenhuma diferença estatística entre os dados basais dos grupos XX, RX e RR em relação a variáveis como força de extensão da coxa, área de secção transversa muscular da coxa, força de preensão manual, tempo para percorrer 400 m e desempenho em baterias de testes relacionados à aptidão física, corroborando os resultados do presente estudo e os dados dos estudos de Pereira et al 39,38 .…”

“…Por fim, o estudo longitudinal de Delmonico et al 40 , que acompanhou idosos com idades entre 70 e 79 anos por cinco anos, mostrou não haver nenhuma diferença estatística entre os dados basais dos grupos XX, RX e RR em relação a variáveis como força de extensão da coxa, área de secção transversa muscular da coxa, força de preensão manual, tempo para percorrer 400 m e desempenho em baterias de testes relacionados à aptidão física, corroborando os resultados do presente estudo e os dados dos estudos de Pereira et al 39,38 . Além disso, outro estudo demonstrou não haver nenhuma associação entre força muscular e tais variantes genéticas em mulheres no final da idade adulta e na terceira idade 10 .…”

Associação de polimorfismos genéticos com capacidades físicas e composição corporal em idosas

“…The elderly population is growing worldwide and also in Brazil, and there are very few surveys seeking to associate genetic variations in ACE and ACTN3 to physical fitness in the elderly [14][15] , especially in the Brazilian population [16][17] . Studies on this issue are primarily justified for showing the influence of genetics on physical fitness in the elderly in order to identify the loss of physical fitness before the individual gets old, which can harm ordinary activities of the daily living and provide data that can justify and contribute to future studies aimed at determining whether genetic polymorphisms may influence the magnitude of the response to interventions with exercise.…”

“…Fragments without insertion (allele D) and with insertion (allele I) of 190 and 490 bp, respectively, were detected in 1.5% agarose gel containing SYBR Green (Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil). For ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphisms, a fragment of 291 bp was amplified with the following primers: 5'-CTGTTGCCTGTGG-TAAGTGGG-F-3' and 5'-R-TGGTCACAGTATGCAGGAGGG3' 15 . Subsequently, amplicons were digested with enzyme Dde I for 17h at 37°C.…”

“…Digestion of the R577 allele resulted in fragments of 205 and 86 bp, and digestion of 577X allele resulted in fragments of 108, 97 and 86 bp. The fragments were detected in 3% agarose gel containing SYBR Green 15 .…”