ACE I/D, ACTN3 R577X, PPARD T294C and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphisms and physical fitness in Taiwanese late adolescent girls

Abstract

Physical performance of youth is influenced by various factors, including body composition, biological maturity status, level of habitual physical activity, and muscular strength. Muscular strength has been largely attributed to genetic effects. To exclude possible confounding effects from various acquired factors, this study examined the relationships between polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) genes and performance as measured by six fitness tests (handgrip strength of dominant hand, 30- and 60-s sit-ups, standing long jump, 60-m dash, and 800-m run) in 170 sedentary adolescent girls with the adjustment of anthropometric characteristics. We found that subjects with the ACE DD genotype were significantly heavier than those with I allele, while those with the ACTN3 RR genotype had higher fat-free mass percentage (FFM%) than those with the XX genotype. In addition, those with the PPARD TT genotype were significantly taller, heavier, and had a greater FFM than those with the CC genotype. Subjects with the ACE DD, ACTN3 RR and PPARD TC genotype had better performance in handgrip strength, 30- and 60-s sit-up tests, and standing long jump, respectively, when individual gene was analyzed independently after adjusting anthropometric characteristics. In the gene combination analysis, subjects with ACE DD, ACTN3 RR and PPARD TT genotype had significantly greater performance in handgrip strength. Overall, the results indicate that the genes studied have a modest influence on individual performance as assessed by specific fitness and strength tests in female late adolescents.

Genetic influence on athletic performance

“…The R allele was also associated with better 40m sprint performance in adolescent Greek boys (35). Late adolescent girls with the RR genotype performed better on sit up tests than girls with the RX genotype (32). However, the ACTN3 genotype was not associated with several other power or endurance phenotypes in adolescents of either sex (35).…”

“…The ACE II polymorphism was reported to be associated with significantly greater handgrip strength and vertical jump performance in female, but not male Greek adolescents (31), which contrasts the typical association of the D allele with better strength and power in adults. Recently, the ACE D allele has been associated with greater handgrip strength in adolescent girls (32) and standing long jump performance in middle-school age children (33). …”

ACTN3 R577X genotype and performance of elite middle-long distance swimmers in China

“…Yang for the first time reported that none of the Olympians or female power athletes had the XX genotype [16]. Taiwanese late adolescent girls with the ACTN3 RR genotype performed significantly better in terms of handgrip strength than those with other genotype combinations [22]. Women with the ACTN3 XX genotype have weaker lower body strength than those with the RX genotype [23–24].…”

Polimorfismo del Gen ACTN3 y ECA en Seleccionados de Gimnasia de Brasil y Japón

“…En el campo de la genética, las investigaciones se han orientado en la búsquedas de perfiles genéticos asociados al rendimiento deportivo de atletas de elite que permitan la orientación del entrenamiento y selección deportiva (Alfred et al, 2011). Dos genes han sido ampliamente estudiados y asociados al rendimiento deportivo, la enzima convertidora de angiotensina inserción/deleción (ECA I/D) polimorfismo y el gen de la a-actina-3 (ACTN3) polimorfismo R577X (Ahmetov et al, 2013;Alfred et al;Chiu et al, 2012; Doring et al, 2010).…”

“…En el campo de la genética, las investigaciones se han orientado en la búsquedas de perfiles genéticos asociados al rendimiento deportivo de atletas de elite que permitan la orientación del entrenamiento y selección deportiva (Alfred et al, 2011). Dos genes han sido ampliamente estudiados y asociados al rendimiento deportivo, la enzima convertidora de angiotensina inserción/deleción (ECA I/D) polimorfismo y el gen de la a-actina-3 (ACTN3) polimorfismo R577X (Ahmetov et al, 2013;Alfred et al;Chiu et al, 2012; Doring et al, 2010).La ECA, localizado en el cromosoma 17, implicada en el sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona actúa en la regulación del volumen sanguíneo, presión arterial y balance de electrolitos (McCauley et al, 2010). La inserción (I) y deleción (D) como polimorfismo, se ha asociado con mejoras en el rendimiento deportivo otorgando al alelo I de la ECA una asociación con el rendimiento en pruebas de resistencia y al alelo D un mejor desempeño en pruebas de fuerza y velocidad (McCauley et al;Rodriguez-Romo et al, 2010).…”