ACE and ACE2 expression in normal and malignant skin lesions

Grzegrzółka, Jędrzej; Swiatko, Katarzyna; Puła, Bartosz; Zamirska, Aleksandra; Olbromski, Mateusz; Bieniek, Andrzej; Szepietowski, Jacek C.; Ryś, Janusz; Dzięgiel, Piotr; Podhorska-Okołów, Marzena

doi:10.5603/fhc.2013.0033

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Recent experimental data suggested that ACE inhibitors and ARBs had beneficial effects on tumor progression, vascularization and metastasis and that angiotensin receptor AT 2 subtype played a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and neoplastic progression [ 27 , 28 ]. Grzegrzolka et al [ 29 ] measured the immunohistochemical expression of ACE, ACE 2 and Ki-67 antigen in archival samples of normal skin, AK and malignant skin lesions, showing a significantly higher ACE immunoreactivity in normal skin than for BCC and SCC ( p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, respectively). Additionally, ACE immunoreactivity was also significantly higher in BCC than SCC ( p < 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Drug Use and Risk of Actinic Keratosis: A Case-Control Study

Warszawik-Hendzel

Olszewska

Rakowska

et al. 2020

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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Introduction: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous skin lesion. Currently, many experts treat actinic keratosis as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is well established that exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation is a major risk factor for the development of actinic keratosis. Some studies suggest an association between keratinocyte cancers and photosensitizing cardiovascular drugs. The aim of this study was to establish an association between cardiovascular drug use and the presence of AK. Methods: A total of 400 patients were enrolled into the study (200 with AK; 200 healthy persons in the control group). The group of patients with AK consisted of 106 women and 94 men (mean age 71 years). The control group included 102 women and 98 men (mean age 69 years). An analysis of the risk factors for developing actinic keratosis was performed in all patients with AK on the basis of a detailed, standardized interview. Results: The statistical analysis showed that features independently associated with increased risk of AK included: age [ 80 years (OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.4-7.3), positive cancer history (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.0-3.6), positive history of sunburns when \ 18 years old (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.3-3.7) and taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.2-4.3), angiotensin receptor AT 1 blockers (OR 2.90; 95% CI 1.1-7.9) and calcium channel blockers (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.0-5.3). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study presented an association between cardiovascular drug use and the risk of developing AK.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Drug Use and Risk of Actinic Keratosis: A Case-Control Study

Warszawik-Hendzel

Olszewska

Rakowska

et al. 2020

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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“…The activity of RAS system in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, also in case of tissues injury in the mechanism of self-renewed of damaged cells and neoangiogenesis, is reflected also in the skin, where the epidermal stem cells express the different players of this system, including ACE2 (57). Immunohistochemical evaluation of ACE2 presence in healthy and oncologic patients showed ACE2 in basal cell layer of normal epidermis and sebaceous glands and a reduction of ACE2 reactivity in patients affected by pre-malignant lesions (actinic keratosis) and non-melanoma malignant skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), suggesting an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease (58).…”

Section: Ace2 In Human Physiology: Body Localization Expression Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2020

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The explosion of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has brought the role of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) back into the scientific limelight. Since SARS-CoV-2 must bind the ACE2 for entering the host cells in humans, its expression and body localization are critical to track the potential target organ of this infection and to outline disease progression and clinical outcomes. Here, we mapped the physiological body distribution, expression, and activities of ACE2 and discussed its potential correlations and mutal interactions with the disparate symptoms present in SARS-CoV-2 patients at the level of different organs. We highlighted that despite during SARS-CoV-2 infection ACE2-expressing organs may become direct targets, leading to severe pathological manifestations, and subsequent multiple organ failures, the exact mechanism and the potential interactions through which ACE2 acts in these organs is still heavily debated. Further scientific efforts, also considering a personalized approach aimed to consider specific patient differences in the mutual interactions ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 and the long-term health effects associated with COVID-19 are currently mandatory.

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“…However, despite the wide tissue expression pattern of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the presence of these viral entry factors in the skin has not been comprehensively assessed. Some studies have shown that ACE2 is detectable in the basal layers of epidermis, as well as in hair follicles [35,39]. Nonetheless, the presence of ACE2 in skin specimens was related to its expression by endothelial cells of cutaneous capillaries but not [12] in specific subsets of skin cells, such as keratinocytes or melanocytes.…”

Section: Expression Of Viral Entry Factors In the Skin And Possible Mmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dermatological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: mechanisms and manifestations

2020

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The human infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 is a public health emergency of international concern. Although the disease associated to this virus, named COVID-19, mainly affects the lungs, the infection can spread to extrapulmonary tissues, causing multiorgan involvement in severely ill patients. The broad infective capacity of SARS-CoV-2 is related to the pattern of expression of the viral entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human tissues. As such, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their high expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which explains the clinical phenotype described in the vast majority of infected patients that includes pneumonia and diarrhea. Recently, preoccupation about the potential of the virus to infect the skin has been raised by dermatologists due to the increasing observations of cutaneous manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although there is little evidence of the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the normal skin, the dermatological findings observed among COVID-19 patients warrants further investigation to delineate the mechanisms of skin affection after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we provide a summary of the dermatological findings observed among patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection based on recent reports. In addition, we analyze possible mechanisms of skin injury in COVID-19 patients and discuss about the risk of individuals with chronic skin conditions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present review constitutes a useful informative tool to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 and the possible implications of the current pandemic in dermatology.

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ACE and ACE2 expression in normal and malignant skin lesions

Cited by 19 publications

References 52 publications

Cardiovascular Drug Use and Risk of Actinic Keratosis: A Case-Control Study

Cardiovascular Drug Use and Risk of Actinic Keratosis: A Case-Control Study

Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2

Dermatological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: mechanisms and manifestations

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