Accurate Quantitation and Analysis of Nitrofuran Metabolites, Chloramphenicol, and Florfenicol in Seafood by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method Validation and Regulatory Samples

Abstract

We developed and validated a method for the extraction, identification, and quantitation of four nitrofuran metabolites, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), semicarbazide (SC), and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), as well as chloramphenicol and florfenicol in a variety of seafood commodities. Samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction techniques, analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and quantitated using commercially sourced, derivatized nitrofuran metabolites, with their isotopically labeled internal standards in-solvent. We obtained recoveries of 90-100% at various fortification levels. The limit of detection (LOD) was set at 0.25 ng/g for AMOZ and AOZ, 1 ng/g for AHD and SC, and 0.1 ng/g for the phenicols. Various extraction methods, standard stability, derivatization efficiency, and improvements to conventional quantitation techniques were also investigated. We successfully applied this method to the identification and quantitation of nitrofuran metabolites and phenicols in 102 imported seafood products. Our results revealed that four of the samples contained residues from banned veterinary drugs.

Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody and Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Fluorescence-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting 3-Amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) in Edible Animal Tissue

“…A variety of instrumental methods for the determination of furaltadone and AMOZ residues in various animal-derived foods have been reported in the past decades. Due to the accuracy and precision, liquid chromatography with ultraviolet [ 12 ], liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry [ 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [ 1 , 17 ] have been widely used. However, these methods generally require complex sample pretreatment procedures, special equipment, trained professionals, and extensive clean-up procedures.…”

A single method to analyse residues from five different classes of prohibited pharmacologically active substances in milk

“…NIZs combined with DAP (Ortelli et al 2009), NIZs with CAP (Cronly et al 2010;Wang et al 2016), NIZs with CPZ and CAP (Zhan et al 2012) and NIZs with CPZ, CAP and DAP (Kibechu and Sichilongo 2012;Robert et al 2013;Amelin et al 2018;Jadhav et al 2019). However, multiple methods for the analyses of NFs together with other substance classes are limited not only in milk but also in all kind of matrices (Perez et al 2002;Xia et al 2008;Shen et al 2013;Kaufmann et al 2015;Shendy et al 2016;Zhang et al 2017;Aldeek et al 2018;Chen et al 2020). For NFs analysis, a hydrolysis is required to include protein-bound residues and a derivatisation is applied to stabilise the metabolites and to enhance the mass spectrometric signal (Molognoni et al 2021).…”

Development of a gold immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) in catfish

“…Therefore, AMOZ has been widely used in the detection of furaltadone residues (Le et al, 2018;Park et al, 2017). Various methods have been used to evaluate furaltadone residues, including immunoassays, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) (Aldeek et al, 2018;Kulikovskii et al, 2019). Mass spectrometry provides qualitative and quantitative information, but requires a complex treatment process and the methodology is expensive and time-consuming.…”