Accurate parameters extraction of PEMFC model based on metaheuristics algorithms

An effective model parameter estimation of PEMFCs using GWO algorithm and its variants

“…$${\rho _{{\rm{M\ }}}}$$ is the resistivity of the membrane against the flow of electrons (Ω.cm). $${\rho _{{\rm{M\ }}}}$$has been computed empirically for Nafion membrane as [6, 9, 29]: $$\begin{equation}{\rho _M} = \frac{{181.6\left[ {1 + 0.03\left( {\frac{{{I_{fc}}}}{A}} \right) + 0.062{{\left( {\frac{T}{{303}}} \right)}^2}{{\left( {\frac{{{I_{fc}}}}{A}} \right)}^{2.5}}} \right]}}{{\left[ {\lambda - 0.634 - 3\left( {\frac{{{I_{fc}}}}{A}} \right)} \right] \times \exp \left[ {4.18\left( {\frac{{T - 303}}{T}} \right)} \right]}}\ ,\end{equation}$$where λ expresses a variable parameter indicating the water content of the membrane material. The value of λ is between 13 and 24 [6, 9, 29].…”

“…𝜌 M is the resistivity of the membrane against the flow of electrons (Ω.cm). 𝜌 M has been computed empirically for Nafion membrane as [6,9,29]:…”

“…The three study cases are as follows: the first is BCS 500 W, the second is SRR_12 modular, and the third is a 250 W stack. The specification and data set of various tested PEMFC stacks are obtained from [6][7][8][9][10]. Moreover, Table 1 shows the data specifications of these PEMFC.…”

“…where λ expresses a variable parameter indicating the water content of the membrane material. The value of λ is between 13 and 24 [6,9,29].…”

“…PEMFCs can provide clean energy with zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, in the case of their fuel being obtained from fossil fuels, the high efficacy of internal combustion engines of fuel cells still maintains low CO2 emissions [1,6,7]. PEMFCs have overwhelmed the automotive fuel cell market for numerous reasons.…”