Accurate hot spot modeling in a power transformer leading to improved design and performance

An Efficient Procedure for Temperature Calculation of High Current Leads in Large Power Transformers

“…That is the rise of average winding temperature above average oil temperature. This value is added to the winding's top oil temperature to know the temperature at the surface of the leads [13].…”

Thermal Modelling of a Power Transformer Disc Type Winding Immersed in Mineral and Ester-Based Oils Using Network Models and CFD

“…At first, those efforts resulted in the development of a hydraulic network model in Cartesian coordinates with uniform disc temperatures, [16]- [20]. At the end of the 90's, a further step was taken by modelling the geometry in cylindrical coordinates and considering both surface and internal disc temperatures, [21]. Moreover, other authors have applied the network concept to model the heat flow and the coupling between the winding temperature distribution and the hydraulic network, [22]- [27].…”

FluSHELL – A Tool for Thermal Modelling and Simulation of Windings for Large Shell-Type Power Transformers

“…Over the 1980s and 1990s, together with faster and affordable computing capabilities, thermal-hydraulic network algorithms emerged (Declercq and van der Veken, 1999;Oliver, 1980;Radakovic and Sorgic, 2010) enabling predictions with more detail and minimizing progressively the number of adjustable parameters. Over the last decade Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is becoming more common and its application to power transformers is driving the comprehension of the underlying cooling mechanisms to unprecedented levels (Campelo et al, 2013;Kranenborg et al, 2008;Schmidt et al, 2013;Skillen et al, 2012;Torriano et al, 2010;Weinlader and Tenbohlen, 2009;Yatsevsky, 2014).…”