Accurate experimental characterization of three-ports

Extraction of network parameters in the electromagnetic analysis of planar structures using the method of moments

“…In this manner the discontinuity introduced by the source and the line extension do not affect the characterization. Multiport parameters are obtained by either exciting one port at a time and detecting the standing wave pattern at the other port, or by determining the input reflection coefficient at one port at a time with various loads at the other ports using a multiport extraction procedure [5,6]. The number of permutations increases combinatorially as the number of ports increases.…”

“…Another approach implements a de-embedding procedure involving two through lengths of line to compensate for port discontinuities [4], a procedure very similar to that used in actual measurements. This de-embedding becomes increasingly complex when parameters at more than two ports are to be extracted as multiple "measurements" are required [5,6]. Accuracy is improved by implementing matched terminations in the EM analysis using an integral equation technique as in [7] and [8], but more computations of the MoM matrix elements are involved.…”