Accurate Computation of Aqueous pK_as of Biologically Relevant Organic Acids: Overcoming the Challenges Posed by Multiple Conformers, Tautomeric Equilibria, and Disparate Functional Groups with the Fully Black-Box pK-Yay Method

Abstract

The use of static electronic structure calculations to compute solution-phase pK as offers a great advantage in that a macroscopic bulk property could be computed via microscopic computations involving very few molecules. There are various sources of errors in the quantum chemical calculations though. Overcoming these errors to accurately compute pK as of a plethora of acids is an active area of research in physical chemistry pursued by both computational as well as experimental chemists. We recently developed the pK-Yay method in our attempt to accurately compute aqueous pK as of strong and weak acids. The method is fully black-box, computationally inexpensive, and is very easy for even a nonexpert to use. However, the method was thus far tested on very few molecules (only 16 in all). Herein, in order to assess the future applicability of pK-Yay, we study the effect of multiple conformers, the presence of tautomers under equilibrium, and the impact of a wide variety of functional groups (derivatives of acetic acid with substituents at various positions, dicarboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, amines and amides, phenols and thiols, and fluorine bearing organic acids). Starting with more than 1000 conformers and tautomers, this study establishes that overall errors of ∼ 1.0 pK a units are routinely obtained for a majority of the molecules. Larger errors are noted in cases where multiple charges, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and several ionizable functional groups are simultaneously present. An important conclusion to emerge from this work is that, the computed pK as are insensitive (difference <0.5) to whether we consider multiple conformers/tautomers or only choose the most stable conformer/tautomer. Further, pK-Yay captures the stereoelectronic effects arising due to differing axial vs equatorial pattern, and is useful to predict the dominant acid–base equilibrium in a system featuring several equilibria. Overall, pK-Yay may be employed in several chemical applications featuring organic molecules and biomonomers.