Accurate CFD driven optimization of lifting surfaces for wing-body configuration

Variational sensitivity analysis and design optimization

“…References [17,[28][29][30]33,34] applied variants of discrete sensitivity approaches to optimize engineering problems. Epstein and Peigin [26] used Genetic Algorithm to optimize three-dimensional lifting surfaces for wing-body aircraft configuration. In all these classes of optimization, the functional sensitivity derivatives are directly coupled to the solution of a set of linear partial differential equations, i.e., the co-state equations and their boundary conditions that result from the variation of the augmented Lagrangian function [27,31,32].…”