Accurate Atomic Masses for Fundamental Metrology

Difilippo, Frank; Natarajan, Vasant; Boyce, K. R.; Pritchard, David E.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.73.1481

Cited by 117 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In this way, the deuterium atomic mass is known with a relative precision of 10 −8 [47]. The deuteron binding energy is best determined by measuring the energy of the gamma-rays coming from radiative np capture with thermal neutrons.…”

Section: Mass and Binding Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors

Garçon

Orden

2001

Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei

176

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Section: Mass and Binding Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors

Garçon

Orden

2001

Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei

176

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“…53 Mn is radioactive with a half-life of 3.7(2) × 10 6 a, too short for survival of a detectable amount of primordial isotope. However, 53 Mn has been identified on earth as a cosmic-ray product and as a constituent of cosmic dust by Imamura et al [300], who measured about one disintegration per min. per gram of Mn in sediment cores corresponding to a concentration of 3 × 10 -13 , much too small to affect the standard atomic weight.…”

Section: N(mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With its liberalized policy on single-digit uncertainties, CAWIA recommended the standard atomic weight to four decimal places in 1983, A r (Cr) = 51.9961(6) [11]. Measurements of n( 53 Cr)/n( 52 Cr) can be expressed as δ 53 Cr values with respect to NIST SRM 979 [85,136]. Ellis et al [299] The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (MnO 2 ) has magnetic properties.…”

Section: N(mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A different approach has recently been developed to determine atomic masses, resulting in a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the uncertainties for the atomic masses of some isotopes (including 12 C and 28 Si). The technique involves a Penning Trap [53] in which an isolated ion's cyclotron motion in a magnetic field is compared to a reference ion's motion. The ratio of the cyclotron frequencies determines their relative masses, which are then converted to a scale based on the mass of the 12 C atom.…”

Section: Atomic Massesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The atomic weight and uncertainty of Mn were changed to their current values in the 1995 report of CAWIA [17] based on the atomic mass data of Audi and Wapstra [51]. 53 Mn is radioactive with a half-life of 3.7(2) × 10 6 a, too short for survival of a detectable amount of primordial isotope. However, 53 Mn has been identified on earth as a cosmic-ray product and as a constituent of cosmic dust by Imamura et al [300], who measured about one disintegration per min.…”

Section: N(mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Laeter¹,

Böhlke²,

Bièvre³

et al. 2003

Pure and Applied Chemistry

906

554

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgmentAbstract: A consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights has long been an essential aim of the scientific community because of the relevance of these values to science and technology, as well as to trade and commerce subject to ethical, legal, and international standards. The standard atomic weights of the elements are regularly evaluated, recommended, and published in updated tables by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances (CAWIA) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These values are invariably associated with carefully evaluated uncertainties. Atomic weights were originally determined by mass ratio measurements coupled with an understanding of chemical stoichiometry, but are now based almost exclusively on knowledge of the isotopic composition (derived from isotope-abundance ratio measurements) and the atomic masses of the isotopes of the elements. Atomic weights and atomic masses are now scaled to a numerical value of exactly 12 for the mass of the carbon isotope of mass number 12. Technological advances in mass spectrometry and nuclear-reaction energies have enabled atomic masses to be determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 1 × 10 -7 . Isotope abundances for an increasing number of elements can be measured to better than 1 × 10 -3 . The excellent precision of such measurements led to the discovery that many elements, in different specimens, display significant variations in their isotope-abundance ratios, caused by a variety of natural and industrial physicochemical processes. While such variations increasingly place a constraint on the uncertainties with which some standard atomic weights can be stated, they provide numerous opportunities for investigating a range of important phenomena in physical, chemical, cosmological, biological, and industrial processes. This review reflects the current and increasing interest of science in the measured differences between source-specific and even sample-specific atomic weights. These relative comparisons can often be made with a smaller uncertainty than is achieved in the best calibrated "absolute" (= SI-traceable) atomic-weight determinations. Accurate determinations of the atomic weights of certain elements also influence the values of fundamental constants such as the Avogadro, Faraday, and universal gas constants. This review is in two parts: the first summarizes the development of the science of atomic-weight determinations during the 20 th century; the second summarizes the changes and variations that have been recognized in the values and uncertainties of atomic weights, on an element-by-element basis, in the latter part of the 20 th century.J. R. de LAETER et al.

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