Accurate and reliable soldier and first responder indoor positioning: multisensor systems and cooperative localization

Indoor positioning using multi-frequency RSS with foot-mounted INS

“…The pedestrian motion model is based on a ZUPT-aided INS [1] using a foot-mounted IMU. The state vector is given by x k = (p x , p y , β,β)…”

“…There are also other important requirements besides raw performance, such as weight and cost, to consider when designing a personal positioning system intended for safety-of-life applications. The system should be able to operate in unknown environments without relying on any preinstalled infrastructure [1]. An overview of the challenges associated with reliable indoor positioning for first responder applications, as well as sensor types that could be considered when implementing such systems, is given in [1].…”

“…Lately, many research groups have turned their focus towards foot-mounted IMUs, which has the potential to provide improved accuracy and robustness [1]. An early example using shoe-mounted inertial and magnetic sensors was presented in [4], and since then several similar systems have been developed [2,[5][6][7][8].…”

Voice radio communication, pedestrian localization, and the tactical use of 3D audio

“…Localization of dismounted units can be achieved from a multitude of sensor and filter technologies [7,8]. However, only a few solutions provide desirable tactical characteristics.…”

Indoor localization based on hybrid Wi-Fi hotspots

“…To solve the above problems, researchers have proposed different approaches based on data fusion, including: combining the positioning algorithms of WLAN channel propagation model and the intensity value of RSSI signals to achieve indoor fingerprint-based localization [15]; integrating positioning methods of the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) with the differential global positioning system (DGPS) [16]; the AOA/TDOA-based hybrid localization algorithm [17]; the collaborative indoor localization method based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth [18]; the indoor localization system based on RSSI and low power Bluetooth [19]; the real-time indoor localization mechanism based on RFID and Bluetooth [20]; the indoor localization system based on the combination of inertial sensors and Wi-Fi [21]; the comprehensive pedestrian and indoor localization system of Wi-Fi and geomagnetic information [22]; the indoor localization mechanism based on the data fusion of multi-sensors [23]; the hybrid indoor localization system based on multi-sensors, Wi-Fi and Low Energy Bluetooth (BLE)_ [24]; the hybrid indoor localization based on wireless signals, multi-sensors and video data [25], etc. In brief, these hybrid localization algorithms usually need to rely on a variety of sensors and different types of wireless signals to improve the positioning accuracy, which have the defects of high cost, long process of localization and difficulties of positioning and deployment, etc.…”