Abstract:Abstract-The parabolic equation (PE) method, based on the split-step Fourier transform (SSFT) algorithm, has been used to model low-frequency (LF) electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation owing to its efficiency. However, the PE method is derived under the paraxial approximation so that its accuracy is guaranteed only for limited propagation angles from the paraxial direction. Most importantly, the PE method models only one-way forward EM propagation and neglects the backward one, which may become significant in … Show more
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