Accuracy of measurements of foramen magnum and occipital condyle as an indicator for sex determination using computed tomography

Rai, Harshita; Keluskar, Vaishali; Patil, Santosh B.; Bagewadi, Anjana

doi:10.4103/2349-5006.198595

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The mean length of OC in this study was 21.3±2.4 mm, which was shorter than those determined by Di et al [1] (23.6±2.0 mm) and Saluja et al [29] (22.8±2.9 mm). Females had a significantly shorter OC length than males, similar to Rai et al [30] and Kumar and Nagar [31]. In our analysis, the most prevalent type of OC classified according to its length was the moderate type which was in agreement with previous reports [18,20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Moreover, the average OC-H was 7.4±1.1 mm, which was lesser than those reported previously [ 1 , 30 ]. This data can be used to determine how deep the OC must be drilled [ 14 ] and the successful insertion of screws during occipitocervical fixation [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…This data is important in surgery because it can be used to determine how much medially the OC can be resected [26]. Moreover, the average OC-H was 7.4±1.1 mm, which was lesser than those reported previously [1,30]. This data can be used to determine how deep the OC must be drilled [14] and the successful insertion of screws during occipitocervical fixation [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Morphological analysis and morphometry of the occipital condyle and its relationship to the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal: implications for craniovertebral junction surgery

Thintharua

Chentanez

2023

Anat Cell Biol

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Anatomical knowledge of the occipital condyle (OC) and its relationships to surrounding structures is important for avoiding injury during craniovertebral junction (CVJ) surgeries. This study was conducted to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of OC and its relationship to foramen magnum, jugular foramen (JF), and hypoglossal canal (HC). Morphometric parameters including length, width, height, and distances from the OC to surrounding structures were measured. The oval-like condyle was the most common OC shape, representing for 33.0% of all samples. The mean length, width and height of OC were 21.3±2.4, 10.5±1.4, and 7.4±1.1 mm, respectively. Moreover, OC was classified into three types based on its length. The most common OC length in both sexes was moderate length or type II (62.5%). The mean distance between anterior tips and posterior tips of OC to basion, and opisthion were 11.5±1.4, 39.1±3.3, 25.2±2.2, and 27.4±2.7 mm, respectively. The location of intracranial orifice of HC was commonly found related to middle 1/3 of OC in 45.0%. JF was related to the anterior 2/3 of OC in 81.0%, the anterior 1/3 of OC in 12.5%, and the entire OC length in 6.5%. These morphological analysis and morphometric data should be taken into consideration before performing surgical operation to avoid CVJ instability and neurovascular structure injury.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Morphological analysis and morphometry of the occipital condyle and its relationship to the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal: implications for craniovertebral junction surgery

Thintharua

Chentanez

2023

Anat Cell Biol

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“…They measured foramen magnum length and width, length, width, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance, and bicondylar width, concluding that all measured diameters were statistically significantly larger in men than in women. They also performed a discriminant functional analysis that showed 91% accuracy for male gender and 97% accuracy for female gender in sexual determination ( Rai et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioanthropological analysis of human occipital condyles using geometric morphometric method

Sarač-Hadžihalilović

Ajanović

Hasanbegovic

et al. 2020

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method. Material and methods The study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program. Results First principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls. Conclusion Analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.

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“…The gender differences in the human cranium are unique to each population and may be influenced by genetic, environmental and socio-economic factors (Gapert et al, 2009). Radiological morphometric evaluation of the basilar region of skull provides an easy method of sex determination; the computed tomography (CT) scans being a preferred diagnostic modality for this purpose (Rai et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Evaluation of Foramen Magnum and Its Variation with Sex and Age among Computed Tomography Scanned Individuals at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Foramen magnum is one of the several apertures in the base of the skull, through which medulla oblongata and other vital structures are transmitted. Knowledge on the normal anatomy of the base of the skull, especially the foramen magnum and its associated structures, is important to correlate its morphometric features with relevant clinical practices and may be in sex determination. Some anatomical features and gender differences in the human cranium are unique to each population and may be influenced by genetic, environmental and socio-demographic factors. In the present study morphometry of foramen magnum and its variation with sex and age was evaluated. The anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), and the area of foramen magnum (AFM) of each CT scan images of individuals who had head computed tomography scan at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, were measured by using institutional picture archiving and communication system workstation through institutional MedWeb. The overall APD of FM was 34.55 ± 3.21mm, TD was 28.48 ± 3.03mm and AFM was 814.77 ± 126.52mm2 in the present study. The mean of measurements of all the three evaluated parameters of foramen magnum was larger in males and the differences were statistically significant at P ˂ 0.05 between sexes. However, no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference wasdetected in all the measured parameters among different age groups. In conclusion, the result of our study has reinforced the idea of likelihood of determining sex by evaluating the morphology of foramen magnum when essential.

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Accuracy of measurements of foramen magnum and occipital condyle as an indicator for sex determination using computed tomography

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Morphological analysis and morphometry of the occipital condyle and its relationship to the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal: implications for craniovertebral junction surgery

Morphological analysis and morphometry of the occipital condyle and its relationship to the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal: implications for craniovertebral junction surgery

Bioanthropological analysis of human occipital condyles using geometric morphometric method

Morphometric Evaluation of Foramen Magnum and Its Variation with Sex and Age among Computed Tomography Scanned Individuals at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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