Accuracy of fetal sex determination on ultrasound examination in the first trimester of pregnancy

Galán, Sebastián Manzanares; Benítez, Antonio Medina; Naveiro-Fuentes, Mariña; López-Criado, M.S.; Sánchez-Gila, Mar

doi:10.1002/jcu.22320

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, pregnant women are increasingly requesting sex determination at a first‐trimester ultrasound (eg, 12 weeks' gestation), despite the lower accuracy of sex determination at this gestation . One 2016 study found that from the gestational age of 12 weeks, fetal sex determination was both feasible and accurate in 79% of cases; there is increased sensitivity in the determination of female sex compared with male sex . With increased gestational age (eg, beyond 14 wk), fetal sex determination becomes significantly more accurate than at 12 weeks' gestation …”

Section: Current Methods Of Sex‐selective Termination Of Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex selection and non‐invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues

et al. 2019

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Non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can determine the sex of the fetus very accurately and very early in gestation. There are concerns that the ease, timing, and accuracy of NIPT sex determination will facilitate sex‐selective termination of pregnancy (TOP). Here, we review current practices, the evidence for a link between NIPT and sex‐selective TOP, and associated ethical issues. Sex‐selective TOP, usually motivated by son preference, has had serious demographic consequences in countries such as India and China. Currently, ultrasound is the primary method by which parents determine the sex of the fetus. The diffusion of ultrasound technology has had a direct impact on the rates of sex‐selective TOP. Although NIPT is currently more costly, it is feasible that increased uptake of this technology could have a similar effect. Partly because NIPT is a relatively recent development in prenatal screening, there is little data on the impact of NIPT on sex selection practices. Evidence that NIPT is playing a role in sex‐selective TOP remains largely anecdotal. Further research is required to assess and quantify TOP resulting from NIPT sex determination. The use of these technologies for sex selection raises a number of ethical issues, in addition to practical demographic consequences.

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Section: Current Methods Of Sex‐selective Termination Of Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex selection and non‐invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues

et al. 2019

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“…50 The reported accuracy of fetal sex determination in the modern era with universal first trimester transvaginal ultrasound is approximately 70% at 11w, 97% at 12w, and 100% at 13w. 58,[61][62][63] Accuracy improves with advancing gestational age, experience, the use of transvaginal imaging and 3D ultrasound after 12 weeks (Figure 3). [61][62][63][64] Fetal sex assignment in second and third trimester ultrasound What's already known about this topic?…”

Section: Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound

2020

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Prenatal diagnosis of sex discordance is a relatively new phenomenon. Prior to cell-free DNA testing, the diagnosis of a disorder of sexual differentiation was serendipitous, either through identification of ambiguous genitalia at the midtrimester morphology ultrasound or discovery of genotype-phenotype discordance in cases where preimplantation genetic diagnosis or invasive prenatal testing had occurred.

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“…Ultrasonography: Prediction of the fetal sex by ultrasonography is based on the assessment of the external genitalia. Among humans it is safe and cost-effective and was shown lately to be accurate even in the first trimester [56]. It is successfully used in animals including horses [57], cows [58], and other large animals.…”

Section: Physical (Anatomical) Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for Prenatal Sex Determination and Their Importance in Understanding and Prevention of Gender-Related Birth Defects

Ornoy¹,

Weinstein-Fudim²,

Ergaz³

2020

Childbirth

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Various hormones, chemicals, and teratogenic agents exhibit gender-related effects in utero as well as postnatally. Among such gender-specific teratogens are endocrine disruptors, especially phthalates that affect male gonads, diabetesinduced oxidative stress with more deleterious effects on male offspring, procarbazine-induced cleft palate affecting more male fetal rats compared to females, and VPA-induced autism-like behavior that affects differently males than females. Hence, there are many needs for the accurate determination of genetic gender. In newborn animals, the morphological methods that exist for sex determination (i.e., anogenital distance) are generally inaccurate. Hence, an accurate and simple method for the prenatal and early postnatal assessment of the genetic sex, prior to reliable evaluation from the external genitalia, is of utmost importance. Indeed, several methods have been developed for accurate assessment of genetic sex, which are discussed in this chapter. Findings from studies in our laboratory have shown that the method described by McFarlan et al. for the assessment of genetic sex in adult mice by PCR of Sly/Xlr genes can be reliably used for the genetic sex determination of any tissue, including embryos and fetuses, with an accuracy of about 100%.

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Accuracy of fetal sex determination on ultrasound examination in the first trimester of pregnancy

Abstract: The sex of a fetus can be accurately determined on sonographic examination in the first trimester of pregnancy; the accuracy of this prediction is influenced by the fetal CRL and GA and by the maternal body mass index. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:272-277, 2016.

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Sex selection and non‐invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues

Sex selection and non‐invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues

Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound

Methods for Prenatal Sex Determination and Their Importance in Understanding and Prevention of Gender-Related Birth Defects

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