Accuracy Assessment of a UAV Direct Georeferencing Method and Impact of the Configuration of Ground Control Points

Liu, Xiaoyu; Lian, Xugang; Yang, Wenfu; Wang, Fan; Yu, Han; Zhang, Yafei

doi:10.3390/drones6020030

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology for mapping activities is escalating since it offers aerial photos with very high resolution. Compared to other methods such as satellite sensors, UAV-based photogrammetry provides more benefits regarding data acquisition and the resulting temporal resolution (Liu et al, 2022). With this capability, UAVs are often used for rapid mapping purposes such as disaster management (Restas, 2015), precision farming (Candiago et al, 2015;Syetiawan & Haidar, 2019), landslides monitoring (Godone et al, 2020;D.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Georeferencing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

SYETIAWAN¹,

SUSILO²,

SUSILO³

et al. 2023

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To produce accurate topographic data, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) still rely on Ground Control Points (GCPs) for georeferencing. However, using GCPs has several limitations, among others, related to the cost and time required for field measurements. In addition, not all areas are accessible for GCPs measurements due to poorly accessible terrain or security reasons. Direct georeferencing, a method to determine precise camera position and orientation in UAVs using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) geodetic antenna. Post Processing Kinematic (PPK) or real-time coordinates can be applied to determine the camera position. One satellite that sends corrections to the rover on Earth is the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). This study aims to analyze the orthophoto accuracy of the results of direct georeferencing using precise coordinates from the QZSS satellites. The flight parameter was used at 60% sidelap and 80% overlap on an average flying altitude of 300 m above ground level resulting in 135 photos with a Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) value of 6 cm. The accuracy of direct georeferencing using QZSS horizontally and vertically was 1.134 m and 1.617 m, respectively. Meanwhile, the same metric results using conventional GCPs were 0.417 m horizontally and 0.419 m vertically. With these results, the horizontal accuracy of Direct Georeferencing using corrections from QZSS can be used for large-scale mapping of the 1: 5,000 class 1 scale, while vertical accuracy can be used for large-scale mapping of the 1: 5,000 class 3 scale. Direct georeferencing using QZSS corrections has the potential to support the acceleration of large-scale mapping activities in Indonesia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Georeferencing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

SYETIAWAN¹,

SUSILO²,

SUSILO³

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, in geological exploration, the use of UAVs in mining and magnetic field discovery requires high-density, high-precision data that are not affected by vegetation, terrain, traffic, etc., where high-resolution images are an essential part [1]. Topographic data should also be flexible for high-resolution, low-cost transmission, which is also an important reference factor for geographic operations to be conducted [2]. In addition to conventional terrain, images of complex terrain not often seen in nature have a higher requirement for resolution because complex terrain may have a more abyssal significance for the study and discovery of geological conditions [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SR-DeblurUGAN: An End-to-End Super-Resolution and Deblurring Model with High Performance

Xiao

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Drones

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In this paper, we consider the difference in the abstraction level of features extracted by different perceptual layers and use a weighted perceptual loss-based generative adversarial network to deblur the UAV images, which removes the blur and restores the texture details of the images well. The perceptual loss is used as an objective evaluation index for training process monitoring and model selection, which eliminates the need for extensive manual comparison of the deblurring effect and facilitates model selection. The UNet jump connection structure facilitates the transfer of features across layers in the network, reduces the learning difficulty of the generator, and improves the stability of adversarial training.

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“…With the spread of low-cost 1 https://www.u-blox.com/en/product/pointperfect antennas and receivers, their application in the context of UAV surveys has become feasible. Most of the literature deals with almost planar survey areas (Zhang, 2019;Przybilla et al, 2020;Teppati Losè et al, 2020;Zeybek et al, 2021;Liu et al 2022;Essel et al, 2022), while few works concentrate on surveying near-vertical objects, where the placement of GCPs is more difficult, impractical, or dangerous (Nesbit et al, 2022, Nocerino et al, 2012. Terrestrial photogrammetry is a valid alternative where UAV flights are not possible for environmental constraints or more often regulation restrictions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Action Cams and Low-Cost Multi-Frequency Antennas for GNSS Assisted Photogrammetric Applications Without Ground Control Points

Morelli

Menna

Vitti

et al. 2022

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Abstract. In civil, architectural and environmental fields photogrammetry is one of the most common solutions for deriving geometric information about many kind of objects of interest. Photogrammetric surveys suffer for the need of ground control points (GCPs), well distributed over the survey area, to scale and georeference the produced 3D data. The placement of GCPs is both time-consuming and sometimes infeasible because of environmental constraints, such as vegetation on river sides. For aerial surveys with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), several studies have been proposed to use the UAV GNSS antenna to reduce or eliminate the need of GCPs. This technique, called GNSS-aided photogrammetry, has been little explored for terrestrial applications despite its potential in reducing surveying time, or for integrating terrestrial and aerial surveying. This gap has been partly caused by the high cost of topographic-grade GNSS, but in recent years the market has offered receivers, such as the ublox ZED-F9P, which can achieve high accuracy at low cost. In this work we propose a simple and fast GNSS-aided methodology for terrestrial photogrammetric surveys using low-cost GNSS and image sensors. The final aim is to create a general procedure to minimize survey costs and time, and derive a scaled and georeferenced 3D information without GCPs.

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Accuracy Assessment of a UAV Direct Georeferencing Method and Impact of the Configuration of Ground Control Points

Cited by 44 publications

References 43 publications

Direct Georeferencing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

Direct Georeferencing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

SR-DeblurUGAN: An End-to-End Super-Resolution and Deblurring Model with High Performance

Action Cams and Low-Cost Multi-Frequency Antennas for GNSS Assisted Photogrammetric Applications Without Ground Control Points

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