“…In order to test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the traditional k‐means, k‐nearest neighbors (KNN) methods and other approaches based on biologically inspired algorithms designed for CBIR, including the GA, PSO, BA, and artificial algae algorithm (AAA), were used for comparison with the CBIR results that were obtained from a number of different images. The experiment was conducted on the standard image dataset obtained from the Flickr Material Database . The five material surface categories, including leather, metal, stone, water, and wood, consisting of 10 images in each category were selected and used in this experiment, as shown in Figure .…”