Accumulation of Trace Metal(loid)s in Fish Muscle Tissue From the Groot Letaba River, South Africa

Abstract

Globally, fish consumption is increasing due to the increasing demand of good food for healthy living. They are considered as an integral component of a wellbalanced diet worldwide because they provide energy, proteins, vitamins, essential minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids [1]. In the rural areas of many developing countries, freshwater fish are the main source of animal protein, however, due to environmental pollution, freshwater fish are accumulating micro pollutants including metals and metalloids from the water, sediments and food that may make them to be toxic for human consumption.The eminent increase in human population is putting severe pressure on the environment especially freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are being polluted mainly by industrial, agricultural and mining activities, and the disposal of partially treated and untreated

The river health of Alista River based on macroinvertebrates communities at Selorejo Village Dau Subdistrict Malang Regency

“…Abundant invertebrates in upstream river ecosystems are dominated by 95 percent insect larvae and nymphs [9], [10]. Macroinvertebrates are the biota most often used to monitor the health of river water IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1328/1/012008 2 quality [11], [12], [13] because they live relatively sedentary at the bottom of the water, have a long life cycle and taking samples is relatively easy [14], [15]. The problem of environmental damage that occurs in Indonesia has become the concern of many parties.…”

Past Metal(loid) Pollution Records Inferred from the Sediments of Bukit Merah Reservoir Perak, Malaysia

“…Heavy metals are of major concern as contaminants of aquatic ecosystems due to their toxicity, environmental persistence, and the potential to bioaccumulate in foods [3][4][5]. Sediments contaminated by toxic metals are major threats and can directly affect the sediment-dwelling biotas, wildlife, and human health due to their harmful nature [6][7][8][9][10]. What's more is that under changing lake environmental conditions, for example, changing redox conditions caused by seasonal eutrophication, sedimentary toxic metals can be released into the above water column, increasing bioavailability [11][12][13][14].…”