Accumulation of point defects and their complexes in irradiated metals as studied by the use of positron annihilation spectroscopy – a brief review

Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard; Singh, B.N.

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2003.08.011

Cited by 56 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is a high-energy-barrier process often ignored at dilute defect concentrations [8]. We suggested this mechanism could provide an explanation of the critical temperature for the rapid growth upon annealing observed in PAS experiments [9]. For assessing the relative sampling effectiveness of the two methods, such as k-ART and ABC, one should ensure that equivalent transition state pathways are being examined, that is, the pathways which play the same dominant role in giving rise to a particular system-level behavior of interest.…”

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Fanet al.Reply:

et al. 2012

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Fan et al. Reply: The development of atomistic methods capable of following microstructural evolution over time scales beyond the reach of traditional molecular dynamics simulations is a continuing challenge. We offer two observations concerning the preceding Comment [1] regarding the accuracy of the autonomous basin climbing (ABC) method and the benchmarking of new methods such as ABC and the kinetic activation-relaxation technique (k-ART). First, our experience with ABC suggests that it is a simple and robust algorithm for escaping from the potential energy surface (PES) minima in providing the dominant transition pathway [2][3][4][5][6]. In the present published form of ABC, however, it is likely to give an overestimation of effective transition time because of the 1D nature of sampling and implementation. We note, on the other hand, that the ABC method is not inherently limited to producing only a 1D trajectory for the system evolution. To give an illustration we consider a synthetic comparison between ABC and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) methods using a preconstructed two-dimensional PES [ Fig. 1(a)]. The ABC trajectory was generated for the same prescribed initial state, and used to estimate the temperature-dependent system evolution time and the effective activation energy. Six different sets of activation penalty function parameters [2] were employed, and all the runs gave the same governing transition pathway. To simulate a nonequilibrium driving force that resembles the vacancy clustering problem (see Fig. 2 Fig. 1(a)] to form a rough energy landscape, as well as a forward bias connecting the initial and final states. As shown in Fig. 1(b), ABC gives the same effective barrier (1.28 eV) as KMC simulations, while overestimating the evolution times by about 1-2 orders of magnitude. We believe this is a result of the 1D nature of the sampled trajectories in the published version of ABC rather than missing the dominant transition pathways. That is, the residence time at each state is governed by 1=ðk forward þ k backward Þ, whereas in KMC simulations it is governed by 1= P k i , considering all possible pathways i. This suggests that the evolution time in the vacancy clustering problem [7] could have been overestimated to some extent; however, it does not seem reasonable that the difference in sampling effectiveness alone can account for evolution times differing by 8 orders of magnitude [1,7]. Moreover, we are currently extending ABC to sample multiple transition pathways, akin to onthe-fly KMC simulations, by blocking the explored transitions. The ABC method, inherently due to its algorithm, favors finding the lowest-energy activation paths. Therefore, this new procedure can efficiently construct the event catalog from highly likely events to lowprobability events. As expected, the results from this extended version of the method (ABC-E) show a higher numerical accuracy, as demonstrated for the same 2D PES in Fig. 1. Second, the usefulness of an atomistic method in producing a minimum-energy path for the ...

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“…In burning plasma conditions, Fe will be irradiated with hydrogen fuel (tritium and deuterium) and helium. Helium is important because is essentially insoluble, chemically inert and always present in neutron irradiation of metals [1,2]. At elevated temperatures, point defects by mutual recombination gather into clusters and grow into the nano-voids.…”

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Positron lifetime studies of defects in α‐Fe containing helium

Troev

Popov

Staikov

et al. 2009

Phys. Status Solidi (c)

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Point defects are key factor for determination of properties and characteristics of structural materials. The properties of defects in alpha Fe containing helium atoms have been investigated by model positron lifetime simulations. The electron and positron wave functions have been obtained in the local density approximation to the two‐component density functional theory. The calculated values of the positron lifetime correlate with the magnitude of the electron density. The lifetime of positrons trapped in nano‐voids increases with the size of the voids. The presence of He in the nano‐void decrease the lifetime. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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“…Significant progress in the characterization of vacancy clusters has been made by PAS during the past decades [11][12][13][14][15]. The focus is now being put on the chemical surroundings of the clusters that are sensitive to positrons, to obtain a better understanding of the nature of the matrix damage.…”

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confidence: 99%