Accumulation of Nicotine in Reciprocal Grafts of Tomato and Tobacco

Dawson, Ray F.

doi:10.2307/2436544

Cited by 79 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The alkaloid nicotine, in particular, is a highly inducible compound that has been one of the most heavily studied chemicals in relation to herbivore resistance (Schmeltz 1971, Baldwin 1991, Steppuhn et al 2004. Notably, nicotine biosynthetic sites are located entirely below ground in growing root tips, and nicotine is subsequently translocated above ground where it protects leaves from insect defoliation (Dawson 1941, 1942, Baldwin 1991. As a result, nicotine provides a potentially important link between the above-and belowground systems.…”

Section: Plants In the Genusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, many plants produce aboveground secondary chemicals in their roots (and vice versa), potentially as a means for spatially separating and thus protecting biosynthetic sites from their ultimate destination within the plant (Karban and Baldwin 1997. For example, tobacco alkaloids are considered highly effective defenses against foliar herbivores, yet these compounds are synthesized entirely below ground (Dawson 1941, 1942, Baldwin 1991. Therefore, the magnitude and direction of induced responses to foliar and root herbivores may depend strongly on where plants produce secondary metabolites and the degree to which herbivores damage such tissues (i.e., root herbivores on tobacco may interfere with foliar alkaloid accumulation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Constitutive and Induced Defenses to Herbivory in Above- And Belowground Plant Tissues

Kaplan

Halitschke

Kessler

et al. 2008

Ecology

253

237

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A recent surge in attention devoted to the ecology of soil biota has prompted interest in quantifying similarities and differences between interactions occurring in above- and belowground communities. Furthermore, linkages that interconnect the dynamics of these two spatially distinct ecosystems are increasingly documented. We use a similar approach in the context of understanding plant defenses to herbivory, including how they are allocated between leaves and roots (constitutive defenses), and potential cross-system linkages (induced defenses). To explore these issues we utilized three different empirical approaches. First, we manipulated foliar and root herbivory on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and measured changes in the secondary chemistry of above- and belowground tissues. Second, we reviewed published studies that compared levels of secondary chemistry between leaves and roots to determine how plants distribute putative defense chemicals across the above- and belowground systems. Last, we used meta-analysis to quantify the impact of induced responses across plant tissue types. In the tobacco system, leaf-chewing insects strongly induced higher levels of secondary metabolites in leaves but had no impact on root chemistry. Nematode root herbivores, however, elicited changes in both leaves and roots. Virtually all secondary chemicals measured were elevated in nematode-induced galls, whereas the impact of root herbivory on foliar chemistry was highly variable and depended on where chemicals were produced within the plant. Importantly, nematodes interfered with aboveground metabolites that have biosynthetic sites located in roots (e.g., nicotine) but had the opposite effect (i.e., nematodes elevated foliar expression) on chemicals produced in shoots (e.g., phenolics and terpenoids). Results from our literature review suggest that, overall, constitutive defense levels are extremely similar when comparing leaves with roots, although certain chemical classes (e.g., alkaloids, glucosinolates) are differentially allocated between above- and belowground parts. Based on a meta-analysis of induced defense studies we conclude that: (1) foliar induction generates strong responses in leaves, but much weaker responses in roots, and (2) root induction elicits responses of equal magnitude in both leaves and roots. We discuss the importance of this asymmetry and the paradox of cross-system induction in relation to optimal defense theory and interactions between above- and belowground herbivory.

show abstract

Section: Plants In the Genusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constitutive and Induced Defenses to Herbivory in Above- And Belowground Plant Tissues

Kaplan

Halitschke

Kessler

et al. 2008

Ecology

253

237

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…tabacum plants, it appears that these alkaloids are mainly accumulated in the roots, the young leaves and flowers. In fact, it is well demonstrated that the major site of nicotine synthesis is in the roots (Dawson, 1942). On the other hand, alkaloids have been also located in very actively growing tissues, such as meristematic ones (Robinson, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of tobacco alkaloids in plant material

Fliniaux

Manceau

Jacquin-Dubreuil

1992

Phytochemical Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA), using anti‐nornicotine antibodies is described. The specificity of these antibodies was checked by a high pressure liquid chromotographic (HPLC) procedure. Following purification, the alkaloid extracts were simultaneously analysed by EIA and HPLC and similar results were obtained. The high sensitivity of EIA and its good specificity toward the major tobacco alkaloids enabled us to perform analysis on crude extracts prepared from very small samples (ca. 1 mg dry weight) of plant material. The method can therefore be applied to the localization of alkaloids in Nicotiana plants and cell suspensions.

show abstract

“…Nicotine normally comprises greater than 90% of the total alkaloids in flue-cured tobacco (Bush et al, 1993;Bush and Crowe, 1989). This alkaloid is synthesized in the roots (Dawson, 1942) and subsequently translocated to the leaves in processes that are stimulated by herbivore damage (Baldwin, 1989(Baldwin, , 1999 and removal of the apical inflorescence (Collins and Hawks, 1993). Some researchers have suggested the involvement of a dilution effect in the relationship between PTA and yield in tobacco, where nicotine becomes diluted by incremental increases in above-ground biomass (Matzinger and Mann, 1964;Wolf and Bates, 1964).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Germplasm of Possible Value for Confronting an Unfavorable Inverse Genetic Correlation in Tobacco

Lewis

2006

Crop Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To be commercially viable in the USA, a flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar must be high‐yielding and also meet minimum requirements for percent total alkaloids (PTA). The negative correlation between yield and PTA complicates development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable leaf chemistry, however. Identification and use of germplasm possessing alternative alleles positively affecting PTA could be an important component of strategies to develop commercially acceptable, higher‐yielding cultivars. Choice of donor germplasm should be done carefully, however, because yield modulates the phenotypic expression of PTA. Consequently, comparison of materials for genetic potential to accumulate alkaloids might best be done at common levels of yield. This investigation used manual control of leaf number to manipulate yield of fifteen diverse tobacco genotypes grown in a split‐plot design in two North Carolina environments. Within genotypes, the relationships between PTA and yield were found to be negative. Through statistical analyses, germplasm accessions TI 464 and TI 959 were found to exhibit the highest levels of PTA at given levels of yield in both environments. Data on N‐partitioning indicated that these genotypes may have increased genetic potential for utilizing accumulated N for alkaloid synthesis. Transfer of alleles from these genotypes to elite germplasm pools may facilitate development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable PTA levels.

show abstract

Accumulation of Nicotine in Reciprocal Grafts of Tomato and Tobacco

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Constitutive and Induced Defenses to Herbivory in Above- And Belowground Plant Tissues

Constitutive and Induced Defenses to Herbivory in Above- And Belowground Plant Tissues

Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of tobacco alkaloids in plant material

Identification of Germplasm of Possible Value for Confronting an Unfavorable Inverse Genetic Correlation in Tobacco

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About