Accumulation of malate in guard cells of Vicia faba during stomatal opening

Allaway, W. G.

doi:10.1007/bf00386923

Cited by 157 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These data compare with malate differences, determined independently using dissimilar techniques, of 0·6-0·7 pmoles per guard cell between closed and open stomata in V. faba (Allaway 1973). The present values agree with potassium changes of 1· 5-2·5 pmoles per guard cell in V. faba (Fischer 1971;Humble and Raschke 1971;Allaway 1973), and suggest that malate could throughout the day balance changes in potassium ions involved in stomatal movement. It is prudent to add that present techniques and the correlations presented in this paper cannot establish causality between aperture and epidermal malate (nor indeed, potassium).…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

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Daily Changes in Stomatal Aperture and in Carbohydrates and Malate Within Epidermis and Mesophyll of leaves of Commelina Cyanea and Vicia Faba

Pearson¹

1973

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Stomatal apertures and methanol-, water-, and hydrochloric acid-soluble carbohydrates and malate were measured in the epidermis, mesophyll, and midvein of leaves of C. cyanea R. Br. and V. [aba L. over a period of 26 hr in one experiment and over 9 hr during the photoperiod in a second experiment.Metabolite concentrations were the same in mesophyll and vein and followed typical diurnal patterns of accumulation and depletion. Concentrations in the epidermis showed little association with those in the mesophyll. The accumulation during the morning of epidermal sugars plus malate, at rates equivalent to 1·4 and 3 . 6 p.g mg-1 hr-1 in C. cyanea and V. [aba, was accompanied by a fall in polysaccharides with no net change in total metabolites, whereas rises in mesophyll sugars and malate of 3·6 and 6'9 p.g mg-1 hr-1 were associated with increases in polysaccharides.Associations were found between aperture and the concentration of epidermal malate.The differences between minimum and maximum epidermal malate concentrations (about 2· 6 and 6·1 p.g mg-1 in C. cyanea and V. [aba) were sufficient to balance the potassium changes found by other authors to occur during stomatal opening in Vicia.

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supporting

confidence: 82%

“…Fujino 1967;Sawhney and Zelitch 1969;Fischer 1971;Humble and Raschke 1971;Allaway 1973; see also reviews by Heath 1959;Meidner and Mansfield 1965;Milthorpe 1969). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Changes in Stomatal Aperture and in Carbohydrates and Malate Within Epidermis and Mesophyll of leaves of Commelina Cyanea and Vicia Faba

Pearson¹

1973

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…There is also substantial evidence that, in Vicia, electroneutrality is primarily maintained by malate, with Cl-balancing remaining positive charges in proportions varying with Cl-concentrations in the incubation medium (1,3,23,27,30,39 We chose the dual beam experiments as the first of this series because they provided the widest contrast among all experimental conditions examined. The results were unexpectedly clearcut: no K+ uptake or starch degradation could be resolved under red light and both processes occurred upon supplementation with blue light.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Quality and Osmoregulation in Vicia Guard Cells

Tallman¹,

Zeiger²

1988

Plant Physiol.

110

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Osmoregulation in opening stomata of epidermal peels from Vicia faba L. leaves was investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. The K+ content of stomatal guard cells and the starch content of guard cell chloroplasts were examined with cobaltinitrite and iodine-potassium iodide stains, respectively; stomatal apertures were measured microscopically. Red light (50 micromoles per square meter per second) irradiation caused a net increase of 3.1 micrometers in aperture and a decrease of -0.4 megapascals in guard cell osmotic potential over a 5 hour incubation, but histochemical observations showed no increase in guard cell K+ content or starch degradation in guard cell chloroplasts. At Recent characterization of a blue light-dependent proton pump at the guard cell plasmalemma has linked light perception with the activation of ion transport mechanisms providing guard cells with the capacity for a quantitative transduction of prevailing light fluences into adequate ionic uptake for osmoregulation (2, 37). In addition to the blue light photosystem, guard cells also possess Chl in their chloroplasts, which acts as a separate photoreceptor to induce stomatal opening (9,12,33). Blue lightinduced stomatal opening is the result of combined responses of the two photoreceptor systems. Blue light-dependent opening has been correlated with proton pumping (2, 37), K' uptake (12), starch degradation (22), and malate biosynthesis (23). In Vicia faba, blue light-dependent opening in epidermal peels saturates at 25 umol m-2 s-', is inhibited by KCN but not by DCMU at intensities 0Iusmol m-2 s-', and is partially sensitive to DCMU at intensities 225 umol m-2 s-' (33). Red light-induced stomatal opening relies on sensory transduction mediated by Chl. In Vicia, red light-dependent stomatal opening in peels saturates at 50 ,umol m-2 s-, is insensitive to KCN, and is completely inhibited by DCMU (33). Red light-induced stomatal opening has been correlated with oxygen evolution and photophosphorylation (36,38) and with synthesis of intermediates of the PCRP3 (11).The interconversion of photosynthetically produced sugars and starch was a fundamental hypothesis of stomatal movements that dominated plant physiology p6rior to its abandonment in favor of the K+ hypothesis (16,21

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“…Allaway (1) and Outlaw and Lowry (7) have shown that guard cells of Viciafaba produce malic acid when the stomata open. In Allaway's experiments, malate neutralized about one-half of the K imported into the guard cells (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of Chloride Affects the Balance between Potassium Chloride and Potassium Malate in Guard Cells of Vicia faba L.

Raschke¹,

Schnabl²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Electron probe microanalysis for K and Cl and enzymic determination of malate were performed on epidermal strips of Vicia faba L. which had been incubated with 0. Republic of Germany.We tested the effect of the availability of Cl-on the ionic composition of the guard cells of Viciafaba by incubating epidermal samples on solutions free of Cl-or containing Cl-and then determining the amounts of K+ and CF-absorbed as well as the amounts of malic acid synthesized. We used established methods: electron probe microanalysis for the determination of K+ and Clin the guard cells (6), and enzymic oxidation coupled to the reduction of NAD for the determination of malate in the epidermal samples (4,14).MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants. V.faba L. plants (cv. Long Pod; seeds from Lagomarsino Seeds Inc., Sacramento, Calif.) were grown for 3 to 4 weeks in a growth chamber in soil consisting of 2 parts Bacto potting soil (Michigan Peat, Houston, Texas) and I part Perlite (W. R. Grace and Co.) in pots with a soil depth of about 12 cm. The plants were watered once a week with Hoagland solution (full strength, pH 6.5), and twice a week with deionized H20. The day length was 16 hr light intensity 85 w m-2. The air temperature was 27 C during the light period and 23 C during the dark period. Relative humidity was about 85%, day and night.Preparation and Incubation of Epidermal Samples. The second, third and fourth fully expanded leaves were removed from the plants in the morning, immediately before the beginning of the light period. The leaves were washed in deionized H20. Sections measuring about 5 x 10 mm2 were cut from the intercostal areas of the leaves and floated, upper side down, on deionized H20 in the dark. Then the lower epidermis was peeled in room light (from fluorescent tubes), a process during which most of the epidermal cells are ruptured (3). The epidermal strips were rinsed in deionized H20, rubbed with a dissecting needle (bent at an angle of 1200) to remove adhering mesophyll cells, and collected on deionized H20. From there, the strips were transferred to the incubation media in small plastic beakers. The beakers were placed under an inverted crystallizing dish (150-mm diameter, 75-mm height). Humidified, C02-free air was passed through the inverted dish for 4 hr at 50 1 hr-1 and 21 C. The samples were illuminated by mercury vapor lamps (General Electric H 400 RDX 33-1); the irradiance below the water filter (5 cm deep) was 85 w m-2. The

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Accumulation of malate in guard cells of Vicia faba during stomatal opening

Cited by 157 publications

References 12 publications

Daily Changes in Stomatal Aperture and in Carbohydrates and Malate Within Epidermis and Mesophyll of leaves of Commelina Cyanea and Vicia Faba

Daily Changes in Stomatal Aperture and in Carbohydrates and Malate Within Epidermis and Mesophyll of leaves of Commelina Cyanea and Vicia Faba

Light Quality and Osmoregulation in Vicia Guard Cells

Availability of Chloride Affects the Balance between Potassium Chloride and Potassium Malate in Guard Cells of Vicia faba L.

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