Accumulation of Hydroxyl Lipids and 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐Hexenal in Live Fish Infected with Fish Diseases

Abstract

Hydroxy lipids (L-OH) and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) levels as well as other parameters such as lipid level, lipid class, fatty acid composition, and other aldehydes levels in the liver of diseased fish were investigated. Although significant differences in lipid level, lipid class, fatty acid composition, and other aldehyde levels were not always observed between normal and diseased fish, L-OH and HHE levels were significantly higher in the liver of the diseased fish than in that of the normal fish cultured with the same feeds under the same conditions. In the liver of puffer fish (Fugu rubripes) infected with Trichodina, L-OH and HHE levels significantly increased from 25.29±5.04 to 47.70 ± 5.27 nmol/mg lipid and from 299.79±25.25 to 1,184.40±60.27 nmol/g tissue, respectively. When the levels of HHE and other aldehydes in the liver of the normal and diseased puffer fish were plotted, a linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient was observed between HHE and propanal (r2=0.9447). Increased L-OH and HHE levels in the liver of the diseased fish and a high correlation between HHE and propanal in the liver of the normal and diseased fish were also observed in flat fish (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with streptococcus, yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) infected with jaundice, and amberjack (S. purpurascens) infected with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.

Addition of docosahexaenoic acid, but not arachidonic acid, activates glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems in murine hippocampal HT22 cells: potential implications in neuroprotection

“…4‐hydroxy‐2‐hexenal (HHE) and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) were analysed with a methodology adapted from a procedure previously developed by Tanaka et al . (, ). Briefly, cellular contents of 80% confluent T75 flask were homogenized in 2.5 mL cold hypotonic buffer and mixed with 1 mL derivatization reactive 1,3‐ciclohexanedione (CHD), 12.5 μL p‐chlorobenzaldehyde (used as internal standard) and 0.005% butylated hydroxytoluene (to prevent additional oxidation).…”

“…Peaks eluting just before and after HHE, likely correspond to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde respectively (Tanaka et al . , ). At least three assays were performed under each experimental condition.…”

Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and its Impact on Food Quality and Human Health

“…11 Hydroxy alkenals such as 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), generated by peroxidation of ω-6 PUFAs, [12][13][14] and 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), a product from peroxidation of ω-3 PUFAs [15][16][17] are also widelystudied autoxidative products of PUFAs. Apart from autooxidation, PUFAs are susceptible to light-induced photooxidation: photochemical oxidation and photosensitized oxidation.…”

Mercury, selenium and fish oils in marine food webs and implications for human health

“…In a recent experiment with cultured puffer fish ( Fugu rubripes ) with or without Trichodina infection, flat fish ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) with or without streptococcus infection, yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata ) with or without jaundice, and amberjack ( Seriola purpurascens ) with or without Photobacterium damselae sp. piscicida , there was not a significant difference by fish disease status in the overall fish fatty acid composition in fish livers; however, liver DHA was significantly higher in the diseased fish than healthy fish for flat fish, yellowtail and amberjack (Tanaka et al ., 2014 ). There is also growing interest in how oxidative stress in fish may affect fish lipids (Tanaka & Nakamura, 2012 ; Tanaka et al ., 2014 ).…”

“…piscicida , there was not a significant difference by fish disease status in the overall fish fatty acid composition in fish livers; however, liver DHA was significantly higher in the diseased fish than healthy fish for flat fish, yellowtail and amberjack (Tanaka et al ., 2014 ). There is also growing interest in how oxidative stress in fish may affect fish lipids (Tanaka & Nakamura, 2012 ; Tanaka et al ., 2014 ).…”