Accumulation of Glycinebetaine in Chloroplasts Provides Osmotic Adjustment During Salt Stress

Robinson, SP; Jones, GP

doi:10.1071/pp9860659

Cited by 191 publications

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“…Although we have not yet determined solute potentials of this germplasm as a function of salinity stress and water deficits, it is tempting to speculate that the gene determining stressinduced betaine accumulation capacity in the presently described maize germplasm codes for a specific enzyme of the betaine biosynthetic pathway rather than represents a 'regulatory' gene determining the accumulation of several osmotic solutes (4,5). A critical question is whether or not in maize, betaine is accumulated in a specific organelle, such as the chloroplast [cJf spinach (17)]. Effective intracellular concentrations of betaine could be much greater if this compound was confined to a specific compartment such as the chloroplast.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bet2 (betaine) accumulation in response to salinity stress is proposed to play an important role in osmotic adjustment in halophytic members of the Chenopodiaceae and Gramineae (7,(18)(19)(20)22), and may function as a compatible osmotic solute of the cytoplasm and/or chloroplast (17,22 salt-tolerant grasses such as Spartina and Distichlis, betaine levels may exceed 40 ,umol/gfw (16,20). Moderately salttolerant grasses such as Hordeum vulgare and Sorghum bicolor accumulate fairly high amounts of betaine (approximately 20 jAmol/gfw) (3,6,9,12), whereas salt-sensitive grass species such as Zea mays exhibit a fairly low capacity for betaine accumulation; the maximum reported values for betaine level in maize are only about 5 ,tmol/gfw (9,16,18), and some maize genotypes lack betaine almost completely (15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Two Isogenic Sweet Corn Hybrids Differing for Glycinebetaine Content

Rhodes¹,

Rich²,

Brunk³

et al. 1989

Plant Physiol.

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A hybrid of sweet corn, Zea mays L. ('1720'; Rogers Brothers Seed Co.), was found to be comprised of glycinebetaine-positive and glycinebetaine-deficient individuals in a 1:1 mixture. This phenomenon was traced to segregation for a single, nuclear, dominant gene determining leaf glycinebetaine content within the female inbred parent of this hybrid. Selection for homozygous recessive (glycinebetaine-deficient) and homozygous dominant (glycinebetaine-positive) genotypes of the female inbred parent enabled production of two isogenic versions of hybrid '1720' differing with respect to a single copy of the dominant allele, by mating these female parent selections with the common homozygous recessive (glycinebetaine-deficient) male parent. These two isogenic hybrids are shown to differ by a factor of 300-to 400-fold in glycinebetaine titer of young expanding leaves of salinized plants, but exhibit no striking differences in the levels of free amino acids or the level of N-methyinicotinic acid (nicotinic acid betaine; trigonelline). The only significant difference between the two hybrids in terms of amino acid composition was found to be in the level of alanine under nonsalinized conditions. The betaine-deficient hybrid exhibited a 14% lower alanine level than the betaine-positive hybrid. Betaine deficiency was not associated with altered stress-induced accumulation of amino acids such as proline, serine, and asparagine plus aspartate, attesting to the high specificity of the genetic difference between these isogenic hybrids with respect to betaine accumulation. This germplasm offers unique opportunities to test whether a single dominant allele determining stress-induced betaine accumulation capacity influences stress resistance in maize.Osmotic adjustment is widely considered to be an adaptive response to water deficits and salinity stress (6,7,14,20,21). Bet2 (betaine) accumulation in response to salinity stress is proposed to play an important role in osmotic adjustment in halophytic members of the Chenopodiaceae and Gramineae (7,(18)(19)(20)22), and may function as a compatible osmotic solute of the cytoplasm and/or chloroplast (17,22).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Two Isogenic Sweet Corn Hybrids Differing for Glycinebetaine Content

Rhodes¹,

Rich²,

Brunk³

et al. 1989

Plant Physiol.

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“…When ε is high, turgor pressure and Ψ will decline, therefore this mechanism prevents water loss even without solute accumulation (Verslues et al 2006). Compatible solutes or, "osmolytes" or "osmo-protectants" known so far in plants are monosaccharides (fructose and glucose), sugar alcohols (mannitol, methylated inositol and pinitol), diand oligo-saccharides (sucrose, trehalose, raffinose and fructan), amino acids (proline, glycine betaine, alanine, betaine, proline betaine and citrulline) tertiary amines (ectoine; 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-carboxylpyrimidine) and sulfonium compounds (choline o-sulfate, dimethyl sulfonium propironate) (Robinson & Jones 1986, Pareek et al 2010. These compounds contribute under drought stress through protecting cellular components (Chen & Murata 2002), acting as osmoregulators with increasing osmotic pressure (Delauney & Verma 1993), preventing loss of water from cells by keeping turgor pressure and water content high and also replacing water molecules in protein, nucleic acid structure because of their hydrophilic properties (Hoekstra et al 2001).…”

Section: Key Plant Products and Common Mechanisms Utilized By Plants mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compatible solutes.-As described in previous sections, compatible solutes contribute to the well-known tolerance mechanism called osmotic adjustment. These metabolites ("osmolytes" or "osmo-protectants") are monosaccharides (fructose and glucose), di-and oligo-saccharides (sucrose, trehalose, raffinose and fructan), sugar alcohols or polyols (mannitol, inositol, methylated inositol, glycerol and pinitol), amino acids (proline,citrulline, pipecolic acid), betaines (glycine betaine, alanine betaine, proline betaine, hydroxyproline betaine), tertiary amines (ectoine; 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-carboxylpyrimidine) and sulphonium compounds (choline o-sulfate, dimethyl sulfoniumpropironate-DMSP) (Robinson & Jones 1986, Pareek et al 2010, Slama et al 2015. Nevertheless, enhanced accumulation of mentioned osmolytes has been reported in various plants exposed to abiotic stresses, but threshold level and diversity of the osmolytes depend on the species and environmental condition (Szabados et al 2011).…”

Section: Parviz Moradimentioning

confidence: 99%

Key plant products and common mechanisms utilized by plants in water deficit stress responses

Moradi

2016

Bot. Sci.

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Plants are always exposed to fluctuation of environmental factors. Water stress is one of the main abiotic factors limiting plant growth and development on most areas of the world. Declining available water triggers various adaptive processes to cope with water deficit stress. These mechanisms can be categorized into escape, avoidance and tolerance strategies. Avoidance mechanisms are employed to maintain the balance between water uptake and water loss, while tolerance mechanisms are trying to keep the plant functions the same level as unstressed level. Major molecular mechanisms attributed as tolerance strategies include osmotic adjustment, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging, cellular components protection membrane lipid changes and hormone inductions. Huge number of metabolites contributes to these diverse mechanisms, but broadly can be classified into amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and secondary metabolites. In this review, the role of these compounds is discussed in the contributed mechanisms against water deficit stress. Identification of these substances (key plant products) and related biochemical processes of drought tolerance might help plant breeders and researchers in different ways such as shortening and facilitating selection procedures in plant breeding programs, improving drought tolerance of sensitive varieties either by transferring related genes or simply exogenous application.

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Molecular Bases of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress and Approaches to Enhance Tolerance to Hostile Environments

Coraggio

Tuberosa

2004

Handbook of Plant Biotechnology

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Abiotic stress has become the greatest threat to global food production and security, particularly in developing countries. Progress in increasing yield and its stability under adverse conditions through a direct selection has been hampered by the low heritability of yield, especially under drought. A better knowledge of the molecular and genetic basis of the mechanisms promoting tolerance to abiotic stress will enhance our capacity to more appropriately manipulate the genes limiting crop yield under hostile environments. This review describes and critically analyses the major advances in our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the adaptive response of the plant to abiotic stress, starting with the perception of the stress at the cellular level, its transduction through a cascade of signalling molecules and ending with the induction of genes whose products mitigate the harmful effects of the stress. Molecular markers and the ‘omics’ platforms (e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics etc.) offer unprecedented opportunities to identify and clone the genes governing plant adaptation to environmental stress and limiting yield under such conditions. The dissection of the genetic basis of quantitative traits into their single components, the so‐called QTLs (quantitative trait loci), allows us to deploy marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for enhancing crop performance under adverse conditions. Additional opportunities are also offered by genetic engineering, particularly through the expression of transcription factors regulating a suite of genes whose product is crucial to mitigate the effects of stress. Although the applicative results so far achieved with non‐conventional approaches have been limited, their integration with conventional breeding methodologies and other interdisciplinary approaches will greatly enhance our capacity to more effectively tailor crop genome to withstand harsh environmental conditions and to improve their sustainability under marginal conditions.

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Accumulation of Glycinebetaine in Chloroplasts Provides Osmotic Adjustment During Salt Stress

Cited by 191 publications

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Development of Two Isogenic Sweet Corn Hybrids Differing for Glycinebetaine Content

Development of Two Isogenic Sweet Corn Hybrids Differing for Glycinebetaine Content

Key plant products and common mechanisms utilized by plants in water deficit stress responses

Molecular Bases of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress and Approaches to Enhance Tolerance to Hostile Environments

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