Accumulation of chromium in root tissues of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. in Cachoeira river—Brazil

The influence of old leather tannery district on chromium contamination of soils, water and plants

“…Also progressive stages of chlorosis and necrosis are the symptoms of chromium toxicity in plants [7]. There are however still conflicting results regarding, which form of chromium is taken up and accumulated by plants [7,8,15]. Some authors considered that both translocation as accumulation of chromium inside the plant depends on the oxidation state of the supply and/or on the plant species [8,15,16].…”

Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review

“…Transport of chromium is probably restricted only to vascular tissues; study utilizing tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum, Solanaceae) relieved its restriction to vascular tissues of roots (especially secondary xylem), stems and leaves, with localization inside vessels and very limited amount in xylem parenchymatic cells and no transport to cortex or epidermis of stems or palisade/ spongy parenchyma of leaves (Mangabeira et al 2004). Chromium in vascular tissues is probably complexed with organic acids (Juneja and Prakash 2005).…”

“…Chromium in vascular tissues is probably complexed with organic acids (Juneja and Prakash 2005). Association of chromium ions with hydroxyl groups of cell walls is probable and can be the reason for no transport out of vascular tissues (Mangabeira et al 2004). Studies carried out on important vegetable crops and other plants confirmed the ability of some of them (especially cauliflower, kale, cabbage) to accumulate chromium (as CrO 4 2-, less as Cr 3+ ) mostly in their roots with general minimal chromium transport to aerial parts (Zayed et al 1998a) because of their minimal entry to the vascular tissues (Zayed et al 1998a); it is very important determination that Fe-hyperaccumulators, such as spinach, appear to be the most effective Cr-translocators to shoots compared to other plants (Cary et al 1977).…”

“…Some workers reported that Cr(III) ions are highly stabilized by complex formation with organic molecules, such as proteins (glutathione), carbohydrates (especially pentoses), NAD(P)H, FADH 2 , and probably also with organic acids, and stored in root cell vacuoles in precipitated form or in apoplast in cell walls, which is the reason for restricted mobility of chromium in plants (Mangabeira et al 2004). Transport of chromium is probably restricted only to vascular tissues; study utilizing tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum, Solanaceae) relieved its restriction to vascular tissues of roots (especially secondary xylem), stems and leaves, with localization inside vessels and very limited amount in xylem parenchymatic cells and no transport to cortex or epidermis of stems or palisade/ spongy parenchyma of leaves (Mangabeira et al 2004).…”

“…Problem of Cr-bioaccumulation can be very important in the case of industrially exploited algae species, namely of Gelidium genus species because of their ability to biaoaccululate chromium, especially as Cr(III) salts (Vilar et al 2007). Accumulation of chromium was also determined in some aquatic and floating plants, such as Eichhornia crassipes (Mangabeira et al 2004), Hydrocotyle umballata (Yongpisanphop et al 2005) or Bacopa monnieri (Shukla et al 2007) that can be used for wastewater treatment. Important question is the usage of wetland plants such as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., Scirpus sp., Leersia sp., Juncus sp.…”