Accumulation of Cannabinoids in Glandular Trichomes of<i>Cannabis</i>(Cannabaceae)

Mahlberg, Paul G.; Kim, Eun Soo

doi:10.1300/j237v09n01_04

Cited by 95 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In this paper these compounds will be indicated by the abbreviations for their neutral forms. The most common cannabinoids, those with a pentyl side chain, are cannabidiol (CBD; Adams et al 1940;Mechoulam and Shvo 1963), delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; Gaoni and Mechoulam 1964a), cannabichromene (CBC; Gaoni and Mechoulam 1966) and cannabigerol (CBG; Gaoni and Mechoulam 1964b).…”

Section: Cannabinoid Biogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

2008

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The mechanism that controls the proportion of cannabichromene (CBC), a potential pharmaceutical, in the cannabinoid fraction of Cannabis sativa L. is explored. As with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), CBC is an enzymatic conversion product of the precursor cannabigerol (CBG). CBC is reported to dominate the cannabinoid fraction of juveniles and to decline with maturation. This ontogeny was conWrmed in inbred lines with diVerent mature chemotypes. A consistent CBC presence was found in early leaves from a diverse clone collection, suggesting that CBC synthase is encoded by a Wxed locus. Morphological variants possessing a 'prolonged juvenile chemotype' (PJC), a substantial proportion of CBC persisting up to maturity, are presented. PJC is associated with a reduced presence of Xoral bracts, bracteoles, and capitate-stalked trichomes. Genetic factors causing these features were independent of the allelic chemotype locus B that was previously postulated and regulates THC and CBD synthesis and CBG accumulation. In contrast to previously described Cannabis chemotypes, the cannabinoid composition of PJCs showed plasticity in that reduced light levels increased the CBC proportion. The ability of PJC plants to enable the production of pharmaceutical raw material with high CBC purity is demonstrated.

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Section: Cannabinoid Biogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

2008

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“…Cannabinoids are present in all the aerial parts of the Cannabis plant, correlated with the presence of glandular trichomes, stalked or sessile, especially present on bracts and leaves (Turner et al 1978). The pathway and the site of biosynthesis of cannabinoids has not been completely clariWed but some authors supposed that cannabinoids are synthetized in specialized disc cells, present in the glandular trichomes, accumulated in the adjacent secretory cavity and Wnally exuded as resin (Mahlberg and Kim 2004) or, alternatively, that the cannabinoid synthases themselves are secreted (Sirikantaramas et al 2005). It is commonly accepted that the Wrst cannabinoid synthetized is cannabigerol (CBG), produced by condensation of a phenol-derived olivetolic acid and a terpene-based geranyl diphosphate catalysed by GOT (geranyldiphosphate:olivetolate geranyltransferase; Fellermeier and Zenk 1998;Fellermeier et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time course of cannabinoid accumulation and chemotype development during the growth of Cannabis sativa L

et al. 2007

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The time course of cannabinoid accumulation in the leaves of individual plants of three Cannabis accessions was determined by gaschromatographic analysis in greenhouse-grown plants. The total amounts and the concentration ratios of CBD, THC and CBG were determined; two accessions (an experimental hybrid, (21R £ 15R) £ NL, and plants from a seized seed lot) were found chemotypically uniform, with all plants belonging to chemotpe II (mixed) and I (high THC) respectively. The Carmagnola accession showed chemotypic heterogeneity, with a majority of plants belonging to chemotype III. The CBD/THC and CBG/CBD ratios were shown to be largely constant in the leaves, since 28 and until 103 days after sowing, and consistent with the ratios determined on mature inXorescences. CBD and THC maximum amounts in the leaves showed a peak in the leaves around 80 days from sowing, and were shown to be simultaneous during the growth period, irrespective of the chemotypes. Callus cultures were obtained from all the Wve diVerent chemotypes (I, II, III, IV, V), and GC analyses were performed. Independently of the type and amount of cannabinoids in the mother plants, it was conWrmed that callus cultures of Cannabis were not able to produce detectable amounts of any cannabinoids.

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“…The biochemical pathway of cannabinoids is not well understood and the factors that control biosynthesis and distribution of cannabinoids within the plant are unknown, although the site of synthesis of most of these molecules has been investigated during the last two decades (Mahlberg and Kim 2004). The first step in the synthesis of cannabinoids is the condensation reaction (prenylation) of geranylpyrophosphate (GPP) with olivetolic acid (OA) (Fig.…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivation and Breeding of Cannabis sativa L. for Preparation of Standardized Extracts for Medicinal Purposes

Farag

Kayser

2015

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World

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Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana; Cannabaceae) is a plant with worldwide distribution, yielding fiber and food, as well as a psychoactive drug. Cannabinoids and in particular the main psychoactive Δ 9 -THC are promising substances for the development of new drugs and are of high therapeutic potential. This review gives an overview of Cannabis classification, the current verities, botanical features, genomics, chemicals constituents, cellular site and biosynthesis of cannabinoids. Furthermore, the different cultivation and breeding forms, changes in cannabinoids over time, method of harvesting, drying and processing of Cannabis are extensively described in addition to the analytical procedures for standardization of Cannabis based medicinal extracts. Finally, some aspects of current approved Cannabis based medicine and its ways of administration are described.

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Accumulation of Cannabinoids in Glandular Trichomes ofCannabis(Cannabaceae)

Cited by 95 publications

References 23 publications

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

Time course of cannabinoid accumulation and chemotype development during the growth of Cannabis sativa L

Cultivation and Breeding of Cannabis sativa L. for Preparation of Standardized Extracts for Medicinal Purposes

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