Accumulation of calcium in substantia nigra lesions induced by status epilepticus. A microprobe analysis

Synthesis, Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity, and Anticonvulsant Activity of 3-Ethyl 5-Methyl 1,4-Dihydro-2-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-methyl-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate Coupled to a 1-Methyl-1,4-dihydropyridyl-3-carbonyl Chemical Delivery System

“…1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-300 spectrometer with Me4Si as internal standard. The assignment of exchangeable protons (OH, NH) was confirmed by the addition of [D2]H2O.…”

“…It has been reported that a pathological influx of calcium into neurons is likely associated with neuronal damage in status epilepticus [1] , that calcium deposits are elevated in brain tissue after seizure activity [2,3] , and that the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 (1) increases the influx of calcium into cells to induce seizures in a dose-dependent manner [4] . These results stimulated studies to evaluate the potential utility of calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) as a novel class of anticonvulsant drugs.…”

Pilocarpine‐Induced Status Epilepticus Causes N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor‐Dependent Inhibition of Microsomal Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase‐Mediated Ca2+ Uptake

“…Alteration of intracellular free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) homeostatic mechanisms has been associated with prolonged seizure duration in SE (Evans et al, 1983; Griffiths et al, 1984; Inamura et al, 1990; Sombati and DeLorenzo, 1995; Pal et al, 1999). In early studies, it was demonstrated that high levels of Ca 2+ accumulated in the substantia nigra (Inamura et al, 1990) and hippocampus (Evans et al, 1983; Griffiths et al., 1984) as a result of SE. Recently, a correlation between the duration of SE and ability to recover [Ca 2+ ] i homeostasis has been described (Pal et al., 1999).…”

A Review of ex vivo Elemental Mapping Methods to Directly Image Changes in the Homeostasis of Diffusible Ions (Na+, K+, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Cl–) Within Brain Tissue

“…Direct elemental mapping techniques include X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM), Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). These techniques (shown schematically in Figure 1), have enabled neuroscientists to directly study the distribution of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Cl − , in situ within ex vivo tissue sections at cellular and sub-cellular spatial resolution, in conditions such as traumatic brain injury (Chwiej et al, 2011;Lozić et al, 2014), ischemic stroke (Caine et al, 2016;Pushie et al, 2018), hemorrhagic stroke (Hackett et al, 2015b;Williamson et al, 2016), schizophrenia (Lins et al, 2016), and epilepsy (Inamura et al, 1990;Ren et al, 1999;Chwiej et al, 2008;Chwiej et al, 2012a), to name a few (Figure 2). This mini-review highlights the recent applications of XFM, PIXE, LA-ICP-MS, and SIMS, to study the role of ions in healthy brain function and during disease or injury.…”