Accumulation by securitization: Commercial poaching, neoliberal conservation, and the creation of new wildlife frontiers

Massé, Francis; Lunstrum, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.03.005

Cited by 141 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…However, these shifts are interesting because they are made possible by the 'neoliberal' phase or approach to conservation (see Büscher et al, 2012;and Massé and Lunstrum, 2015), since they rely on and normalise the use of the private sector to provide security within protected areas. A good example is the ways WWF has turned to private military companies (PMCs) to deliver security operations in protected areas that they manage on behalf of states.…”

Section: The Materials War By Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The case of South Africa also indicates how policies that are initially designed for protected areas are quickly and easily reconfigured for further extension outside those boundaries; for example, Massé and Lunstrum (2015) demonstrates how land adjacent to Kruger and on the Mozambican side of the border is being captured by private interests under the guise of providing security for wildlife in Kruger National Park). Humphreys and Smith (2014) point to a 'rhinofication' South African security, suggesting that the intensification of the anti-poaching strategy of SANParks is part of a trend towards militarization which resembles developments in late-modern warfare.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…South Africa has received perhaps the greatest level of attention and particular projects have received large donations from philanthropists who are keen to support more forceful approaches to conservation (for a broader discussion of philanthropy in conservation see Ramutsindela, Spierenburg and Wels, 2011;and Holmes, 2012 SANParks (Massé and Lunstrum, 2015;Büscher and Ramutsindela, forthcoming 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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War, by Conservation

Duffy

2016

Geoforum

177

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In this paper I argue that there has been a critical shift towards war by conservation in which conservation, security and counter insurgency (COIN) are becoming more closely integrated. In this new phase concerns about global security constitute important underlying drivers, while biodiversity conservation is of secondary importance. This is a significant break from earlier phases of fortress conservation and war for biodiversity. In order to develop a better understanding of these shifts, this paper analyzes the existing conceptual approaches, notably environmental security analyses which seek to understand how resources cause or shape conflict, and political ecology approaches that focus on the struggles over access to and control over resources. However, this paper indicates the limitations of these existing debates for understanding recent shifts, which require a fresh approach.I chart the rise of the narrative I call poachers-as-terrorists, which relies on the invocation of the idea that ivory is the white gold of Jihad, a phrase which is closely associated with an Elephant Action League (EAL) report in 2012 which claimed Al Shabaab used ivory to fund its operations. This narrative is being extended and deepened by a powerful alliance of states, conservation NGOs, Private Military Companies and international organizations, such that it is shaping policies, especially in areas of US geo-strategic interest in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result conservation is becoming a core element of a global security project, with significant implications for conceptual debates and for conservation practice on the ground.

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Section: The Materials War By Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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War, by Conservation

Duffy

2016

Geoforum

177

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“…Instead, state authorities use threat narratives and the existence of blind passes to effectively expand the borderlands as a site for violence, stretching far into the interior. The articulation of blind passes with parks produces them as sites to perform sovereignty, even as conservation imperatives work as a kind of ''green alibi'' to displace human rights concerns about violent policing (Lunstrum, 2013;Massé and Lunstrum, this issue).…”

Section: Conservation's Territorialitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“Blind passes” and the production of green security through violence on the Guatemalan border

Ybarra

2016

Geoforum

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“…Broadly, there is agreement that global restructuring creates and reinforces "patterns of socio-economic polarisation and spatial segregation" associated with large-scale international migration (de Haas, 2006;Heilmann, 2006;Adjai & Lazaridis, 2013;Jolly & DiGiusto, 2014). Evidently, migrants' motives are dominated by "both income and nonincome factors, including ownership of businesses and houses," "superior working conditions", "close relatives overseas" (Brown & Connell, 2004: 2193 as well as issues of 35 security, conflict, cooperation, insecurity and peace (Balbo & Marconi, 2006;Masse & Lunstrum, 2015). Forced international migration too tends to hide undertones of frustrated development at home and the stark inequities in global distribution of opportunities (Balbo & Marconi, 2006;Jolly & DiGiusto, 2014), closely linked to the dynamics of the sociopolitical and economic world order geopolitics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Governance, ‘sovereignty-state-territory triad’, human population migration and xenophobia in (South) Africa

Tsheola

Segage

2015

TDSA

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This article seeks to examine the association of the concept of governance of international relations and, by implication, human population migration, through the rigid practices of “sovereignty-state-territory triad” with the fomentation and exacerbation of societal stereotypes, attitudes and perceptions of xenophobia in Africa, in general, and South Africa, in particular. Ascriptions of the majority of population migration as “international” affirms the centrality of the operationalisation of the “sovereignty-state-territory triad” in understanding the fragmentary constructions of societal attitudes and perceptions of people resident in distinct geopolitical entities ascribed as national territories. State and non-state governance entrapments with this triad perpetuate societal stereotypes that are in concurrence with bordered-territories where populations described as citizens are stimulated to protect endowments and resources of the land against the perceived destruction associated with the conduct of the out-groups. Unsurprisingly, the theorisation of human population migration has equally been intricately involved with environmental conservation and securitisation of biodiversity that enables land dispossession of the vulnerable sections of the population through the Western economic narratives of “Peace Parks”. Simultaneously in Southern Africa, the concept of African Renaissance, inescapably embedded with “cooperation and conflict” at all scales, has offered a buzzword to be realised through “Peace Parks” that have evidently failed to deliver reaffirmation of African cultures, continental emancipation and democratisation. The preeminence of societal stereotypes, attitudes and perceptions of xenophobia and violent abuses of African immigrants in South Africa provides vivid illustrations of the inconsistencies and non-linearity of concepts such as African Renaissance and “Peace Parks”. This article asserts that measures for repairing the landscapes of xenophobia among Africans, especially in South Africa, will remain pipedreams if they are not embedded with adaptive governance designed to undermine the rigidities of the “sovereignty-state-territory triad”, prevalent in the international relations.

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Accumulation by securitization: Commercial poaching, neoliberal conservation, and the creation of new wildlife frontiers

Cited by 141 publications

References 56 publications

War, by Conservation

War, by Conservation

“Blind passes” and the production of green security through violence on the Guatemalan border

Governance, ‘sovereignty-state-territory triad’, human population migration and xenophobia in (South) Africa

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