Accumulating evidence for a role of oxidized phospholipids in infectious diseases

Abstract

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) were originally discovered as by-products and mediators of chronic inflammation such as in atherosclerosis. Over the last years, an increasing body of evidence led to the notion that OxPL not only contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory processes but in addition play an integral role as modulators of inflammation during acute infections. Thereby, host defense mechanisms involve the generation of oxygen radicals that oxidize ubiquitously present phospholipids, which in turn act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These OxPL-derived DAMPs can exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions that ultimately alter the host response to pathogens. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the role of OxPL in infectious diseases.

Transplantation and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

“…During the past decade, a large variety of DAMPs generated from various sources and emitted during various injurious scenarios have been discovered. Table summarizes some selected most prominent DAMPs characterized to date in studies on cell death/tissue injury settings including IRI and tumor models as well as their mode of emission . In view of such a plethora of DAMPs, several reasonable approaches to classify them have been reported .…”

Trained innate immunity: a salient factor in the pathogenesis of neuroimmune psychiatric disorders

“…48 These molecules are oxidized as a result of cellular damage/death-induced reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in hydrophobic regions being exposed and available to be recognized by PRR as DAMP. 47 Many of these endogenous oxidized molecules and hydrophobic regions share molecular identity with microbial PAMP.…”

“…47 Many of these endogenous oxidized molecules and hydrophobic regions share molecular identity with microbial PAMP. 47,48 Thus, we might expect DAMP to be also capable of inducing training. Exposure of human monocytes to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (1-10 μg ml − 1 ) for 24 h, but not low-density lipoprotein, for example, results in increased protein production (up to fivefold) of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, upon re-stimulation 7 days later with various TLR-4 (for example, LPS) and TLR-2 agonists (for example, Pam3Cys).…”

Quantitative Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Biomembrane Lipids in the Presence of Vitamin E

“…Biomembrane oxidation is associated with aging and various lifestyle‐related diseases, including arteriosclerosis and cancer (Janikiewicz et al, 2018; Matt et al, 2015; Schnitzer et al, 2007b). Biomembrane oxidation is initiated by water‐soluble radicals in the blood surrounding the biomembrane and proceeds via a complicated radical chain reaction mechanism involving membrane lipids, such as phospholipids (LH) and cholesterol (ChH) (Niki, 2009; Schnitzer et al, 2007a).…”