“…Previous research has tended to concentrate on individual characteristics in explaining re-entry after failure (Baù et al, 2017;Espinoza-Benavides & Díaz, 2019;Stam et al, 2009); however, surprisingly, comparisons of entrepreneurial engagement across those with and without entrepreneurial experience have received limited attention (Gottschalk & Müller, 2022;Hessels et al, 2011;Nielsen & Sarasvathy, 2016). Furthermore, while a few recent studies have included environmental factors (Amankwah-Amoah et al, 2019;Espinoza-Benavides et al, 2021;Simmons et al, 2019), they have failed to acknowledge context variations that may (dis)encourage re-engagement in entrepreneurship after a business failure, in particular, the role of a country's formal and informal institutions (North, 1990). On the one hand, it is still unclear whether informal institutions can play a fundamental role in fostering entrepreneurial activity after a failure, as they have already been shown to engage in initial/novice entrepreneurial activity (Urbano et al, 2018).…”