Accounting for Research: New Histories of Corporate Laboratories and the Social History of American Science

Dennis, Michael Aaron

doi:10.1177/030631287017003005

Cited by 63 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…17 Solving the system of first order conditions and 15 We shall assume that   1 to guarantee that (14) and (15) are always positive. Furthemore, in order to simplify the proof of one proposition below, we shall assume  −  ≥  16 In equilibrium,  0 will be chosen for the scientist's participation constraint to bind.…”

Section: B Proofsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Preferences, Organization, and Competition in a Model of R&D Incentive Provision

Lacetera¹,

Zirulia²

2011

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Understanding the organization of R&D activities requires the simultaneous consideration of scientific workers' talent and tastes, companies' organizational choices, and the characteristics of the relevant industry. We develop a model of the provision of incentives to corporate scientists, in an environment where (1) scientists engage in multiple activities when performing research; (2) knowledge is not perfectly appropriable; (3) scientists are responsive to both monetary and non-monetary incentives; and (4) firms compete on the product market. We show that both the degree of knowledge spillovers and of market competition affect the incentives given to scientists, and these effects interact. First, high knowledge spillovers lead firms to soften incentives when product market competition is high, and to strengthen incentives when competition is low. Second, the relationship between the intensity of competition and the power of incentives is U-shaped, with the exact shape depending on the degree of knowledge spillovers. We also show that the performance-contingent pay for both applied and basic research increases with the non-pecuniary benefits that scientists obtain from research. We relate our findings to the existing empirical research, and also discuss their implications for management and public policy.

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Section: B Proofsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Preferences, Organization, and Competition in a Model of R&D Incentive Provision

Lacetera¹,

Zirulia²

2011

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“…Industrial science in the USA has existed since at least the turn of the 20th century (Reich, 1985;Dennis, 1987;Hounshell & Smith, 1988). The formation of the role of the industrial scientist coincided with line-drawing pronouncements of academic scientists separating themselves from these new scientists, most famously that of Professor Henry Rowland.…”

Section: The Industrial Scientist the Professor And Founding Myths mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotech in Court

Swanson

2007

Soc Stud Sci

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This paper examines the American legal system's reliance upon the unity of science through a close study of the testimony presented in a biotech patent trial, explicated through the context of the legal practice of patent drafting and the history of the American biotechnology industry. In order to decide whether a key patent related to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was invalid, the court needed to decide whether the inventing scientists had made intentional misrepresentations in the process of drafting and prosecuting the patent. I analyze the various images of science presented to the court by scientists testifying about how scientists report their experimental results in scientific publications. By setting this testimony about scientific authorship in the context of the legal understanding of patent authorship, I explain why the court was prepared to accept a universal notion of science and of the scientist that rendered unimportant any distinctions between papers and patents, or between professors and biotech scientists. This image of universal science was opposed at trial by local and specific images of sciences which have been institutionalized in industrial science throughout the 20th century, and which I argue were adopted and adapted by the American biotech industry of the 1970s to the 1990s in ways that contributed both to the trial court's finding against the patent, and to the instability of that ruling.

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“…59 Some insist that throughout history, research goals have been alternatively fundamental and applied. 60 Different societies have different needs and objectives that often influence the direction of research.…”

Section: Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Commercial revolution" of science: the complex reality and experience of genetic and genomic scientists

Ganache¹

2006

Life Sci Soc Policy

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According to advocates and authors from different disciplines interested in biomedicine, biomedical research in genetics and genomics has the potential to transform medicine, the economy, society, and humanity as a whole. Believing in this potential, biomedical scientists produce knowledge and participate in the decisions concerning the orientation of this research and its applications. Through a qualitative analysis of scientists' practice-related discourse, we identified three main sources of complexity in their involvement in the "commercial revolution" of science. First, scientists insist on the existence of different types of university-industry relationships. Second, they urge that the multiple realities of genetic and genomic research be acknowledged. Third, they present themselves as individuals in a diverse scientific community, each with a unique position in this commercial revolution. This paper draws attention to these complexities because they must be considered when engaging in a study of genetics and genomics advances from a research ethics perspective.

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Accounting for Research: New Histories of Corporate Laboratories and the Social History of American Science

Cited by 63 publications

References 24 publications

Individual Preferences, Organization, and Competition in a Model of R&D Incentive Provision

Individual Preferences, Organization, and Competition in a Model of R&D Incentive Provision

Biotech in Court

"Commercial revolution" of science: the complex reality and experience of genetic and genomic scientists

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