Accounting for Nitrogen in Nonequilibrium Soil-Crop Systems

Schepers, J. S.; Mosier, A. R.

doi:10.2136/1991.managingnitrogen.c6

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, in cases of oxygen limitation, additional nitrogenous gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (NO 2 ) are produced [6,9,10]. In soil management, this negatively affects the efficiency of fertilizer, leading to nitrogen loss for the crops, an increased release of greenhouse gases from the soil, and eutrophication of water bodies downstream [11][12][13]. Measuring the stress response of the present AOB that are leading to different nitrification pathways is therefore a crucial task, especially since prediction of the AOB response has proven to be a challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Sample Stress: Probing Oxygen-Deprived Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria with Raman Spectroscopy In Vivo

et al. 2020

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The stress response of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to oxygen deprivation limits AOB growth and leads to different nitrification pathways that cause the release of greenhouse gases. Measuring the stress response of AOB has proven to be a challenge due to the low growth rates of stressed AOB, making the sample volumes required to monitor the internal stress response of AOB prohibitive to repeated analysis. In a proof-of-concept study, confocal Raman microscopy with excitation resonant to the heme c moiety of cytochrome c was used to compare the cytochrome c content and activity of stressed and unstressed Nitrosomonas europaea (Nm 50), Nitrosomonas eutropha (Nm 57), Nitrosospira briensis (Nsp 10), and Nitrosospira sp. (Nsp 02) in vivo. Each analysis required no more than 1000 individual cells per sampling; thus, the monitoring of cultures with low cell concentrations was possible. The identified spectral marker delivered reproducible results within the signal-to-noise ratio of the underlying Raman spectra. Cytochrome c content was found to be elevated in oxygen-deprived and previously oxygen-deprived samples. In addition, cells with predominantly ferrous cytochrome c content were found in deprived Nitrosomonas eutropha and Nitrosospira samples, which may be indicative of ongoing electron storage at the time of measurement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Sample Stress: Probing Oxygen-Deprived Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria with Raman Spectroscopy In Vivo

et al. 2020

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“…One of the ways to reduce N fertilization rates to crops while maintaining yield goals is to account for soil residual N at crop planting and N mineralized from soil organic matter during the crop growing season (Schepers and Mosier, 1991). About 1-2% of soil organic N to a depth of 30 cm is mineralized every year, depending on soil temperature and water content, residue addition (fresh or old residue), and soil organic matter (Schepers and Mosier, 1991;Wang et al, 2014). It is not practical to measure N mineralization potential of the soil at crop planting due to excessive time required for soil analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil residual nitrogen under various crop rotations and cultural practices

Sainju

Lenssen

Allen

et al. 2017

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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Crop rotation and cultural practice may influence soil residual N available for environmental loss due to crop N uptake and N immobilization. We evaluated the effects of stacked vs. alternate-year crop rotations and cultural practices on soil residual N (NH4-N and NO3-N contents) at the 0-125 cm depth, annualized crop N uptake, and N balance from 2005 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)-durum-canola (Brassica napusL.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (DDCP) and durum-durum-flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)-pea (DDFP). Alternate-year rotations were durum-canola-durum-pea (DCDP) and durum-flax-durum-pea (DFDP). Both of these are legume-based rotations because they contain legume (pea) in the crop rotation. A continuous durum (CD) was also included for comparison. Cultural practices were traditional (conventional tillage, recommended seeding rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and improved (no-tillage, increased seeding rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height) systems. The amount of N fertilizer applied to each crop in the rotation was adjusted to soil NO3-N content to a depth of 60 cm observed in the autumn of the previous year. Compared with other crop rotations, annualized crop biomass N was greater with DCDP and DDCP in 2007 and, but was greater with DDFP than DCDP in 2011. Annualized grain N was greater with DCDP than CD, DFDP, and DDFP and greater in the improved than the traditional practice in 2010 and 2011. Soil NH4-N content was greater with CD than other crop rotations in the traditional practice at 0-5 cm, but was greater with DDCP than CD and DDFP in the improved practice at 50-88 cm. Soil NO3-N content was greater with CD than other crop rotations at 5-10 cm, but was greater with CD and DFDP than DCDP and DDCP at 10-20, 88-125, and 0-125 cm. Nitrate-N content at 88-125 and 0-125 cm was also greater in the traditional than the improved practice. Nitrogen balance based on the difference between N inputs and outputs was greater with crop rotations than CD. Increased N fertilization rate increased soil residual N with CD, but legume N fixation increased N balance with crop rotations. Legume-based crop rotations (all rotations except CD) reduced N input and soil residual N available for environmental loss, especially in the improved practice, by increasing crop N uptake and N immobilization compared with non-legume monocrop. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. AbstractCrop rotation and cultural practice may influence soil residual N available for environmental loss due to crop N uptake and N immobilization. We evaluated the effects of stacked vs. alternateyear crop rotations and cultural practices on soil residual N (NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N contents) at the 0-125 cm depth, annualized crop N uptake, and N balance from 2005 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rot...

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“…leaching, and emissions of NH3 and NOx gases, out of which N2O is a highly potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming [5,6]. As crops can remove about 40 to 60% of applied N [7,8,9], the residual N (NO3-N + NH4-N) accumulated in the soil profile after crop harvest can either be conserved as soil organic N or lost to the environment through leaching, denitrification, surface runoff, soil erosion, volatilization, and N2O emissions [1,3,4,10]. Nitrogen use by crops is further reduced at higher N rates [11].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Nitrogen fertilization rates to crops to maximize economic profitability vary with soil and climatic conditions and how efficiently nutrient cycles within the agroecosystem [8]. Therefore, fertilizer application rates are usually determined by estimating soil residual N at planting and N mineralization during the crop-growing season from recommended N rates so that crop production and N-use efficiency are maximized and the potential for N losses minimized.…”

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Improving Dryland Cropping System Nitrogen Balance with No-Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

Sainju

Ghimire

Pradhan

2018

Preprint

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Studies on N balance due to N inputs and outputs and soil N retention to measure cropping system performance and environmental sustainability are limited due to the complexity of measurements of some parameters. We measured N balance based on N inputs and outputs and soil N retention under dryland agroecosystem affected by cropping system and N fertilization from 2007 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Cropping systems were conventional tillage barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.)-fallow (CTB-F), no-tillage barley-fallow (NTB-F), no-tillage barley-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (NTB-P), and no-tillage continuous barley (NTCB). Nitrogen rates to barley were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1. Total N input due to N fertilization, pea N fixation, soil N mineralization, atmospheric N deposition, nonsymbiotic N fixation, and crop seed N and total N output due to grain N removal, denitrification, volatilization, N leaching, gaseous N (NOx) emissions, surface runoff, and plant senescence were 28 to 37% greater with NTB-P and NTCB than CTB-F and NTB-F. Total N input and output also increased with increased N rate. Nitrogen sequestration rate at 0 to 10 cm averaged 22 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for all treatments. Nitrogen deficit ranged from 5 to 16 kg N ha-1 yr-1, with greater deficits for CTB-F and NTB-P and higher N rates. Because of increased grain N removal and reduced N loss to the environment and N fertilizer requirement, NTB-P with 40 kg N ha-1 can enhance agronomic performance and environmental sustainability while reducing N inputs compared to other management practices.

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Accounting for Nitrogen in Nonequilibrium Soil-Crop Systems

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Small Sample Stress: Probing Oxygen-Deprived Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria with Raman Spectroscopy In Vivo

Small Sample Stress: Probing Oxygen-Deprived Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria with Raman Spectroscopy In Vivo

Soil residual nitrogen under various crop rotations and cultural practices

Improving Dryland Cropping System Nitrogen Balance with No-Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization

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