Accounting for enforcement costs in the spatial allocation of marine zones

Davis, Katrina; Kragt, Marit; Gelcich, Stefan; Schilizzi, Steven; Pannell, David J.

doi:10.1111/cobi.12358

Cited by 41 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…The costs associated with surveillance and enforcement depend on both the size of the zones and the social and economic characteristics of the resource users. Only a few studies have explicitly quantified these costs (Ban and Klein 2009;Davis et al 2015). Ban et al (2011) compared the enforcement costs for staffing an entirely no-take protected area versus a mixed zone seascape (protected and fished) and found that compliance staffing was doubled when mixed zoning occurred.…”

Section: Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean zoning within a sparing versus sharing framework

et al. 2018

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The land-sparing versus land-sharing debate centers around how different intensities of habitat use can be coordinated to satisfy competing demands for biodiversity persistence and food production in agricultural landscapes. We apply the broad concepts from this debate to the sea and propose it as a framework to inform marine zoning based on three possible management strategies, establishing: no-take marine reserves, regulated fishing zones, and unregulated open-access areas. We develop a general model that maximizes standing fish biomass, given a fixed management budget while maintaining a minimum harvest level. We find that when management budgets are small, sea-sparing is the optimal management strategy because for all parameters tested, reserves are more cost-effective at increasing standing biomass than traditional fisheries management. For larger budgets, the optimal strategy switches to sea-sharing because, at a certain point, further investing to grow the no-take marine reserves reduces catch below the minimum harvest constraint. Our intention is to illustrate how general rules of thumb derived from plausible, single-purpose models can help guide marine protected area policy under our novel sparing and sharing framework. This work is the beginning of a basic theory for optimal zoning allocations and should be considered complementary to the more specific spatial planning literature for marine reserve as nations expand their marine protected area estates.

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Section: Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean zoning within a sparing versus sharing framework

et al. 2018

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“…), enforcement (Davis et al . ) and opportunity costs reflecting lost revenue (Klein et al . ; Ruiz‐Frau et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciling recreational use and conservation values in a coastal protected area

Stigner

Beyer

Klein

et al. 2016

Journal of Applied Ecology

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1. Protected areas often need to provide recreational opportunities whilst conserving biodiversity. Recreation brings important benefits to human well-being, and allowing people to experience nature in protected areas can also provide revenue and support for conservation objectives. However, not all recreational activities are compatible with environmental management goals. 2. Here, we show how a coastal protected area can be zoned to satisfy both recreational and conservation objectives. 3. We collected empirical data on the effect of recreational disturbance to foraging shorebirds in Moreton Bay Marine Park, Queensland, Australia, and calculated the benefit of alternative protected area zone types on shorebird representation using a zero-inflated negative binomial model. The predictions from this model were used to optimize a zoning plan in a linear programming framework that balances recreational use with shorebird conservation. Costs reflect foregone recreational opportunity, thereby facilitating solutions that minimize restrictions on recreational use of the coastline. 4. We discover a consistent negative effect of recreational use of the foreshore on shorebird occupancy and abundance and show that, despite this, zoning can be used to achieve shorebird representation targets with only a small cost to recreational opportunity. 5. When dog recreation is permitted at all sites, a 91% shorebird representation target can be met, indicating that de facto patterns of recreation were rather well segregated from areas used by shorebirds. By restricting dog recreation to five sites and allowing people to access all other foreshore sites, shorebird representation increased to 97%. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our approach of calculating the contribution of each zone type towards conservation objectives results in zoning plans with robust estimates of conservation benefit that can be readily implemented by managers. Specifically, we estimated the effects of removing people and domestic dog recreation within each intertidal site on shorebird abundance to inform coastal zoning plans. Incorporating cost as foregone recreational opportunity results in zoning plans that minimize the number of people required to make a behavioural change. Compliance to zone types is often ultimately voluntary so integrating the current intensity of recreational use is more likely to generate workable zoning plans.

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“…(Roberts et al., ). Accessibility for fishing and recreation may be more difficult, and dispersed MPAs require greater enforcement effort (Davis, Kragt, Gelcich, Schilizzi, & Pannell, ; Kritzer, ). Alternatively, a few large MPAs could have disproportionate spatial impacts on fishing communities (Halpern et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and spacing rules can balance conservation and fishery management objectives for marine protected areas

Fovargue

Bode

Armsworth

2017

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly integrated into fishery management for coastal systems. Size and spacing rules (SSRs) have been proposed as simple MPA design guidelines, especially in regions where population connectivity data are limited. We assessed whether SSRs allow managers to design effective MPA networks under spatiotemporally varying dispersal patterns using a spatially realistic population model parameterized for a commercially‐exploited fish species on the Great Barrier Reef. SSRs are used to design MPA networks, and population simulations are used to measure the mean and variance of the resulting population size and fishery catch. We show that SSR performance is contingent on the extent of the MPA network, and whether species’ connectivity data can be used to target areas for protection. For example, in the absence of connectivity data, a “many small” MPAs rule provides the least variable management outcome. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that the performance and usefulness of size and spacing rules (SSRs) as guidelines for marine protected areas (MPAs) depend on the level of knowledge about larval dispersal, as well as the level of current exploitation in the fishery. These context‐dependent results offer particularly relevant guidance to future MPA design projects in regions with limited connectivity data.

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Accounting for enforcement costs in the spatial allocation of marine zones

Cited by 41 publications

References 48 publications

Ocean zoning within a sparing versus sharing framework

Ocean zoning within a sparing versus sharing framework

Reconciling recreational use and conservation values in a coastal protected area

Size and spacing rules can balance conservation and fishery management objectives for marine protected areas

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