Accidents involving liquids: A step ahead in modeling pool spreading, evaporation and burning

Instantaneous liquid release from a rail tanker: The influence of noise shields on pool shape and pool size

“…Models provided in the literature usually consider a punctiform release in which the pool spreads in all directions at the same velocity. Consequently, the pool has a circular shape under the conditions of the axisymmetric hypothesis [4]. The fluid could flow in all directions without being hindered by any barrier at all.…”

The Viareggio LPG railway accident: Event reconstruction and modeling

“…The spreading of the LPG on the ballast, its evaporation, and delayed ignition were simulated with AXIM TM , a software tool for the dynamic simulation of chemical accidents [13]. This simulator can account for the dynamics of both the temperature and the Fig.…”

“…In addition, since there were rather calm weather conditions (see Table 2), the motion of the gas cloud by the wind was negligible respect to the gravity slumping. In addition, a remarkable feature, common to all the accident simulators, is that the model included in AXIM TM [13] does not account for the dilution of the jet due to the impact with the ground in the proximity of the release.…”

Spread and burning behavior of continuous spill fires

“…Many authors, including Brambilla and Manca [16] and Webber [17], have declared that it is a mistake for spread on land to neglect the friction part. However, the effect of friction would decline significantly for longer duration spills based on the Manning formula with the flow being under the laminar flow condition.…”