Accidental Ecstasy Poisoning in a Toddler

Melián, Abián Montesdeoca; Burillo-Putze, Guillermo; Campo, Candelaria González; Padron, Agustin Gonzalez; Ramos, Carlos Ormazabal

doi:10.1097/01.pec.0000136072.37575.19

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…While situational factors such as the "rave" party / danceclub environment are important in MDMA users, it is often overlooked that substantial amounts of MDMA use takes place in more restricted social settings in which high levels of physical activity are not present. It is also clear that some cases of medical emergency arise from the quiet/nonactive MDMA episode (Libiseller et al, 2005;Melian et al, 2004;Patel et al, 2005). The fact that MDMA does not cause an increase in activity in monkeys means that this species can model the nonactive category of human risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral administration of (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+)methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques

Crean¹,

Davis²,

Taffe³

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Rationale-Emergency Department visits and fatalities in which (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or (+)methamphetamine (METH) are involved frequently feature unregulated hyperthermia. MDMA and METH significantly elevate body temperature in multiple laboratory species and, most importantly, can also produce unregulated and threatening hyperthermia in nonhuman primates. A majority of prior animal studies have administered drugs by injection whereas human consumption of "Ecstasy" is typically oral, an important difference in route of administration which may complicate the translation of animal data to the human condition.Objective-To determine if MDMA and METH produce hyperthermia in monkeys following oral administration as they do when administered intramuscularly.Methods-Adult male rhesus monkeys were challenged intramuscularly (i.m.) and per os (p.o.) with 1.78 or 5 mg/kg (±)MDMA and with 0.1 or 0.32 mg/kg (+)METH. Temperature and activity were monitored with a radiotelemetry system.Results-Oral administration of either MDMA or METH produced significant increases in body temperature. Locomotor activity was suppressed by MDMA and increased by METH following either route or administration.Conclusions-The data show that the oral route of administration is not likely to qualitatively reduce the temperature increase associated with MDMA or METH although oral administration did slow the rate of temperature increase. It is further established that MDMA reduces activity in monkeys even after relatively high doses and oral administration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral administration of (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+)methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques

Crean¹,

Davis²,

Taffe³

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…A national survey in Australia conducted in 2001 revealed that 5% of teenagers and 10% of young adults had used ecstasy at least once in the preceding year [40]. Although self-reported substance use is an imperfect measure, the conclusion that ecstasy use is prevalent is generally supported by other indices of drug use including arrests [123], drug seizures [143], hair analyses [69], emergency room records [53,98,114], and coroner's reports [138].…”

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confidence: 99%

A developmental comparison of the neurobehavioral effects of ecstasy (MDMA)

Piper

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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The entactogen ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug among college, high school, and, occasionally, middle school students. Preclinical research examining the acute and long-term effects of MDMA has predominately been conducted in reproductively mature subjects but there has been increasing interest in adolescent and in utero exposure. This review examines the acute and long-term responses to MDMA during perinatal, adolescent, and adult periods. The ability of MDMA to alter core body temperature emerges gradually during ontogeny while a reduction in body weight is evident at all ages. Learning and workingmemory are also altered independent of the developmental stage of exposure. Current evidence suggests adults are more sensitive to the long-term serotonin depletions following MDMA but younger ages also exhibit substantial and rapid neuroplasticity. Sexually dimorphic MDMA responses have been identified for the acute hyperthermic and motoric effects of MDMA with pubescent males being especially susceptible. Several physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical MDMA issues requiring further study are also outlined. Keywords±3; 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Adolescence; Anxiety; Depression; Learning; SerotoninThe phenylethylamine ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug best known as ecstasy. MDMA has several other street names including Adam, baby slits, chocolate chips, clarity, doctor, essence, kleenex, and roll [77]. Although ecstasy has some similarities with both stimulants and hallucinogens, MDMA is an entactogen. Entactogen means "touching within" based on the drug's subjective effects [110]. MDMA also causes long term changes in several markers of the integrity of the serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system [58]. There have been several excellent recent reviews on MDMA toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and neurobehavioral consequences [30,37,113,157], but none have systematically addressed the intricate effects of MDMA during development.Ecstasy use is not restricted to limited subpopulations, that is fans of techno music and "raves" [173] or male homosexuals [73,81], as MDMA has expanded into the general population [124,148,170] and especially young people [52,78,170,172]. Over one hundred pregnant women in Toronto called a substance abuse helpline between 1998 and 2000 to inquire Corresponding Author: Brian J. Piper, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-7710, Tel: (413) 545-0996, bpiper@nsm.umass.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers...

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“…Many of the previously published articles primarily discuss poisoning from accidental methamphetamine ingestions in children. Rhabdomyolysis, sudden death, and other known complications for stimulant toxicity were reported (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%