“…To address these drawbacks, different methodologies for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines have been reported to modify [31] and improve this reaction by ionic liquids, ultrasound irradiation, microwave irradiation, different types of phase transfer, enzyme, nanoparticle [32], metal oxide [33], base, and acidic catalysts [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. However, some of the recent literature techniques have shortcomings such as prolonged reaction times, use of expensive, corrosive/toxic, metal-based catalysts [45], unsatisfactory yields, and extractive isolation of the product using hazardous organic solvents, which restricts their application owing to environmental [46] and financial concerns. Therefore, the development of new effective synthetic protocols is highly desirable.…”