Access to COVID-19 vaccination for transgender community in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Khan, Muhammad Danyal

doi:10.1080/07399332.2022.2029864

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This effect was made worse for low-income women who were socially isolated [ 25 ]. Safety and security were additional concerns documented by five studies which affected women’s ability to travel and/or travel without accompaniment [ 25 , 36 , 57 , 64 , 92 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies reported barriers associated with direct costs including the cost of the vaccine [ 19 , 23 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 82 , 83 ], transportation costs to access services [ 19 , 25 , 29 , 36 , 58 , 61 , 68 , 70 ], and illicit fees for services or the need to pay health workers [ 25 , 36 ]. One woman in Malaysia reflected, “What’s the point of taking my children to a clinic to be vaccinated if I do not have money?” [ 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gender sensitivity of facility structures was also a barrier. This included lack of privacy [ 33 ], lack of gender-segregated facilities, and reduced access for transgender individuals [ 64 ]. Excessive wait times were also reported in six studies, resulting in children not receiving immunizations and/or caregivers not willing to return [ 25 , 36 , 60 , 63 , 66 , 74 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study in DRC, Mozambique, and Nigeria found that caregivers who experienced disrespect in the health system were the least likely to return [ 25 ]. Members of the transgender community in Pakistan reported harassment and discrimination at COVID-19 vaccination centers which made it difficult for them to receive services during the pandemic [ 64 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Of Money and Men: A Scoping Review to Map Gender Barriers to Immunization Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Kalbarczyk,

Brownlee,

Katz

2024

Vaccines

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Among the multiple factors impeding equitable childhood immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), gender barriers stand out as perhaps the most universal. Despite increasing recognition of the importance of gender considerations in immunization programming, there has not yet been a systematic assessment of the evidence on gender barriers to immunization. We conducted a scoping review to fill that gap, identifying 92 articles that described gender barriers to immunization. Studies documented a range of gender influencers across 43 countries in Africa and South Asia. The barrier to immunization coverage most frequently cited in the literature is women’s lack of autonomous decision-making. Access to immunization is significantly impacted by women’s time poverty; direct costs are also a barrier, particularly when female caregivers rely on family members to cover costs. Challenges with clinic readiness compound female caregiver’s time constraints. Some of the most important gender barriers lie outside of the usual purview of immunization programming but other barriers can be addressed with adaptations to vaccination programming. We can only know how important these barriers are with more research that measures the impact of programming on gender barriers to immunization coverage.

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