Acceso vascular en apoyo renal agudo

Abstract

Vascular access is the first link for renal extracorporeal support therapy. Unlike renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease where the arteriovenous fistula is the first option, followed by the tunneled catheter, in patients with acute kidney injury a temporary catheter is the first choice. The present article constitutes a narrative review summarizing the studies that analyze the choice, placement and care of temporary vascular access for acute renal support. In patients who have a pre-existing arteriovenous fistula, their puncture in patients with hemodynamic instability carries risks and cannot be recommended. The use of tunneled catheter as first option implies a complex, time-consuming procedure with higher cost that also limits its recommendation. The change of catheters by metal guide has shown to be a safe method in the absence of infection. Femoral access has been shown not to be inferior to right jugular access, while left jugular access reduces the life of the circuit and should be considered as a fourth option after right jugular, right femoral and left femoral sites. The length of the access should be evaluated according to the insertion site, while 20 cm catheters are usually suitable for right jugular puncture, the left jugular usually requires 25 cm for achieving the position inside the right atrium. On the other hand, the femoral access increases its performance with lengths of 25-35 cm. The low posterior jugular approach is considered a simple, safe technique that allows up to 5 cm further towards the right atrium. The interaction between central catheters must be anticipated or evaluated because of the risk of aspiration of infusions by the extracorporeal circuit. The use of heparin 1000 U/ml for sealing the ports reduces the risk of bleeding compared to heparin 5000 U/ml. The reasoning on the evolution of catheters in structural coating materials, the decision on using a suture, the differences among dressings or securement devices, and the controversy over the use of antibiotics for sealing ports and for dressings are also discussed. The review includes the positions of the guidelines by the Kidney Dialysis Improving Global Outcomes and the European Renal Best Practice, in addition to the information available mainly on the consensus of the acute dialysis quality initiative, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and controlled clinical trials.

Complicaciones en pacientes con catéter de hemodiálisis según sitio de inserción en hospital de referencia

“…Así como Oliver et al había reportado en un estudio prospectivo con 218 pacientes que los catéteres femorales ya presentan bacteriemia en la primera semana y ascendía con el paso de las semanas (14) , en este estudio se constató que los catéteres femorales presentaban una media de 4 semanas ± 4 semanas (rango 1-24 semanas) antes de infectarse.…”