Accepted but Unacceptable

Inherent and modifiable risk factors for peripheral venous catheter failure during cancer treatment: a prospective cohort study

“…The primary outcome was all-cause PIV failure; a composite measure of any one of the following five events: infection (suspected-or laboratory confirmed-local or bloodstream infection [12]); occlusion (device will not infuse) [13]; infiltration (infusate leaking into the interstitial tissue; if with vesicant, this was considered extravasation) [14]; leakage (external); dislodgement (complete or partial removal from the vein); or phlebitis (defined as pain alone (≥2/10); or ≥2 signs/symptoms of (i) pain/tenderness, (ii) erythema, (iii) swelling and/or (iv) palpable cord.) [15].…”

Introduction of color‐flow injection test to confirm intravascular location of peripherally placed intravenous catheters

“…For peripheral intravenous catheters, the overall catheter failure rate of phlebitis, dislodgement, occlusion, leakage, blood stream infection, infiltration, etc. has been reported to range from 36% to 63% . The incidence of infiltration alone is significantly underreported and studies project infiltration and extravasation with peripheral intravenous catheters to be at 15%‐33% with an average at 22% .…”

“…has been reported to range from 36% to 63% . The incidence of infiltration alone is significantly underreported and studies project infiltration and extravasation with peripheral intravenous catheters to be at 15%‐33% with an average at 22% . Infiltration and extravasation can happen due to patient‐driven physiologic factors (small fragile veins) or the risk of various pharmacological agents infused and the mechanical factors present at the site of insertion .…”

Quality of care for peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) in Nepal: a cross-sectional study on feasibility and inter-rater agreement of the Peripheral Intravenous Catheters-mini Questionnaire (PIVC-miniQ) in a tertiary care hospital

“…A study in American hospitals estimated that the cost per BSI was between US$35 000 and US$56 000. 2 In Nepal, such complications are difficult to treat due to the high incidence rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 22 23 More than half of the PIVC dressings were soiled with blood or fluids and/or had lifting edges, making the prevalence of soiled dressings in this study higher than that worldwide.…”

“…Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are among the most frequently used medical devices for the intravenous administration of fluids or medications in hospitals worldwide 1 and are found in approximately 80% of hospital-admitted patients. 2 Approximately 30%-50% of PIVCs need to be removed prematurely due to a variety of complications 2 such as inflammation and phlebitis 3 or more severe complications such as catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CABSI) and sepsis. 4 A review found that 0.18% of PIVCs showed bacterial growth, most frequently Staphylococcus aureus.…”