Accelular nanofibrous bilayer scaffold intrapenetrated with polydopamine network and implemented into a full-thickness wound of a white-pig model affects inflammation and healing process

Abstract

Treatment of complete loss of skin thickness requires expensive cellular materials and limited skin grafts used as temporary coverage. This paper presents an acellular bilayer scaffold modified with polydopamine (PDA), which is designed to mimic a missing dermis and a basement membrane (BM). The alternate dermis is made from freeze-dried collagen and chitosan (Coll/Chit) or collagen and a calcium salt of oxidized cellulose (Coll/CaOC). Alternate BM is made from electrospun gelatin (Gel), polycaprolactone (PCL), and CaOC. Morphological and mechanical analyzes have shown that PDA significantly improved the elasticity and strength of collagen microfibrils, which favorably affected swelling capacity and porosity. PDA significantly supported and maintained metabolic activity, proliferation, and viability of the murine fibroblast cell lines. The in vivo experiment carried out in a domestic Large white pig model resulted in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the first 1–2 weeks, giving the idea that PDA and/or CaOC trigger the early stages of inflammation. Otherwise, in later stages, PDA caused a reduction in inflammation with the expression of the anti-inflammatory molecule IL10 and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ1), which could support the formation of fibroblasts. Similarities in treatment with native porcine skin suggested that the bilayer can be used as an implant for full-thickness skin wounds and thus eliminate the use of skin grafts.

Polydopamine-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose as Hydrogel Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering

“…Also, the PDA microspheres with larger sizes on BC/PDA have a lower swelling rate than the surrounding BC gel, resulting in an overall lower swelling ratio for BC/PDA [ 48 , 49 ]. Similar results were reported by Kacvinska et al [ 50 ], who found that PDA coating of an implantable bilayer scaffold of collagen and chitosan (Coll/Chit) or collagen and a calcium salt of oxidized cellulose (Coll/CaOC) over electrospun gelatin, polycaprolactone, and CaOC affected swelling capacity and porosity.…”

“…Moreover, with an increase in the PDA concentration on the BC/PDA surface, there was an evident indication of more layers of cells than BC surfaces ( Figure 7 ). The higher number of cells in confluency could have arisen from the efficient adhesion and proliferation caused by the diffusion of nutrients through the pores of different layers of scaffolds [ 50 ].…”

A bibliometric analysis of hotpots and trends for the relationship between skin inflammation and regeneration

“…Numerous studies have indicated that inflammation is an important differentiating factor in wound repair processes (42,43). Analyzing the key molecules in skin regeneration and inflammation revealed that the frequency of some keywords increased rapidly in recent years.…”

Nanofiber Scaffolds as Drug Delivery Systems Promoting Wound Healing

“…Coating is a drug-loading method that involves covering the surface of a scaffold with a drug or drug–carrier composite. To carry out the coating method, the drug must be dissolved in an appropriate solvent to prepare a drug solution [ 191 ]. An appropriate concentration for the drug solution can be selected based on the properties of the drug and scaffold.…”